{"id":4706,"date":"2026-03-20T16:41:07","date_gmt":"2026-03-20T16:41:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.jewishecoseminars.com\/hebrew\/?page_id=4706"},"modified":"2026-04-21T14:11:23","modified_gmt":"2026-04-21T14:11:23","slug":"%d7%94%d7%95%d7%a8%d7%90%d7%94-%d7%9e%d7%a1-3-%d7%97%d7%9e%d7%9c%d7%94-%d7%9b%d7%9c%d7%a4%d7%99-%d7%9b%d7%9c-%d7%94%d7%99%d7%a6%d7%95%d7%a8%d7%99%d7%9d-%d7%9e%d7%90%d7%9e%d7%a8-%d7%90%d7%a8%d7%95","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.jewishecoseminars.com\/hebrew\/%d7%94%d7%95%d7%a8%d7%90%d7%94-%d7%9e%d7%a1-3-%d7%97%d7%9e%d7%9c%d7%94-%d7%9b%d7%9c%d7%a4%d7%99-%d7%9b%d7%9c-%d7%94%d7%99%d7%a6%d7%95%d7%a8%d7%99%d7%9d-%d7%9e%d7%90%d7%9e%d7%a8-%d7%90%d7%a8%d7%95\/","title":{"rendered":"3: \u05d7\u05de\u05dc\u05d4 \u05db\u05dc\u05e4\u05d9 \u05db\u05dc \u05d4\u05d9\u05e6\u05d5\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd, \u05de\u05d0\u05de\u05e8 \u05d0\u05e8\u05d5\u05da \u05d9\u05d5\u05ea\u05e8 \u05dc\u05dc\u05d9\u05de\u05d5\u05d3 \u05de\u05e2\u05de\u05d9\u05e7 \u05d9\u05d5\u05ea\u05e8"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<div class=\"wp-block-buttons is-layout-flex wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link has-background wp-element-button\" href=\"https:\/\/www.jewishecoseminars.com\/hebrew\/%d7%94%d7%95%d7%a8%d7%90%d7%94-%d7%9e%d7%a1-3-%d7%a6%d7%a2%d7%a8-%d7%91%d7%a2%d7%9c%d7%99-%d7%97%d7%99%d7%99%d7%9d-%d7%97%d7%9e%d7%9c%d7%94-%d7%9c%d7%9b%d7%9c-%d7%94%d7%91%d7%a8%d7%99%d7%90%d7%94\/\" style=\"background-color:#86c463\">\u05d1\u05bc\u05b0\u05d7\u05b2\u05d6\u05b8\u05e8\u05b8\u05d4<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><em>\u05de\u05d0\u05ea \u05d4\u05e8\u05d1 \u05d3\u05d9\u05d5\u05d5\u05d9\u05d3 \u05e1\u05d9\u05e8\u05e1<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&quot;\u05d8\u05d5\u05d1 \u05d4' \u05dc\u05db\u05dc \u05d5\u05d7\u05e1\u05d3\u05d9\u05d5 \u05e2\u05dc \u05db\u05dc \u05de\u05e2\u05e9\u05d9\u05d5&quot; (\u05ea\u05d4\u05d9\u05dc\u05d9\u05dd \u05e7\u05de&quot;\u05d4, \u05d8). \u05e4\u05e1\u05d5\u05e7 \u05d6\u05d4 \u05d4\u05d5\u05d0 \u05d0\u05d1\u05df \u05d4\u05d1\u05d5\u05d7\u05df \u05e9\u05dc \u05d4\u05d2\u05d9\u05e9\u05d4 \u05d4\u05e8\u05d1\u05e0\u05d9\u05ea \u05db\u05dc\u05e4\u05d9 \u05e8\u05d5\u05d5\u05d7\u05ea \u05d1\u05e2\u05dc\u05d9 \u05d7\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd, \u05d5\u05d4\u05d5\u05d0 \u05de\u05d5\u05e4\u05d9\u05e2 \u05d1\u05de\u05e1\u05e4\u05e8 \u05d4\u05e7\u05e9\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd \u05d1\u05e1\u05e4\u05e8\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05ea\u05d5\u05e8\u05e0\u05d9\u05ea. \u05d4\u05ea\u05d5\u05e8\u05d4 \u05d3\u05d5\u05d2\u05dc\u05ea \u05d1\u05d0\u05ea\u05d9\u05e7\u05d4 \u05e9\u05dc \u05d7\u05de\u05dc\u05d4 \u05db\u05dc\u05e4\u05d9 \u05db\u05dc \u05d4\u05d1\u05e8\u05d9\u05d0\u05d4, \u05d5\u05de\u05d0\u05e9\u05e8\u05ea \u05d0\u05ea \u05e7\u05d3\u05d5\u05e9\u05ea \u05d4\u05d7\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd. \u05e2\u05e8\u05db\u05d9\u05dd \u05d0\u05dc\u05d4 \u05de\u05e9\u05ea\u05e7\u05e4\u05d9\u05dd \u05d1\u05d7\u05d5\u05e7\u05d9\u05dd \u05d4\u05d0\u05d5\u05e1\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd \u05e2\u05dc \u05e6\u05e2\u05e8 \u05d1\u05e2\u05dc\u05d9 \u05d7\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd \u05d5\u05d1\u05d7\u05d5\u05d1\u05d5\u05ea \u05e2\u05dc \u05d1\u05e0\u05d9 \u05d4\u05d0\u05d3\u05dd \u05dc\u05d4\u05ea\u05d9\u05d9\u05d7\u05e1 \u05dc\u05d1\u05e2\u05dc\u05d9 \u05d7\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd \u05d1\u05d6\u05d4\u05d9\u05e8\u05d5\u05ea.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u05d1\u05de\u05d1\u05d8 \u05e8\u05d0\u05e9\u05d5\u05df, \u05d4\u05e8\u05dc\u05d5\u05d5\u05e0\u05d8\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea \u05e9\u05dc \u05d4\u05e4\u05e1\u05d5\u05e7 \u05d4\u05e0&quot;\u05dc \u05e2\u05e9\u05d5\u05d9\u05d4 \u05dc\u05d4\u05d9\u05e8\u05d0\u05d5\u05ea \u05de\u05e2\u05d5\u05e8\u05e4\u05dc\u05ea \u05d1\u05de\u05e7\u05e6\u05ea. \u05d4\u05d5\u05d0 \u05de\u05d3\u05d1\u05e8 \u05e2\u05dc \u05d0\u05dc\u05d5\u05d4\u05d9\u05dd, \u05dc\u05d0 \u05e2\u05dc \u05d0\u05d3\u05dd. \u05e2\u05dd \u05d6\u05d0\u05ea, \u05db\u05dc\u05dc \u05d1\u05e1\u05d9\u05e1\u05d9 \u05d1\u05d0\u05ea\u05d9\u05e7\u05d4 \u05d4\u05d9\u05d4\u05d5\u05d3\u05d9\u05ea \u05d4\u05d5\u05d0 \u05d7\u05d9\u05e7\u05d5\u05d9 \u05d3\u05e8\u05db\u05d9 \u05d4\u05d0\u05dc. \u05d1\u05de\u05d9\u05dc\u05d5\u05ea \u05d7\u05db\u05de\u05d9 \u05d4\u05ea\u05dc\u05de\u05d5\u05d3: &quot;\u05db\u05b0\u05bc\u05e9\u05b6\u05c1\u05d4\u05d5\u05bc\u05d0 \u05dc\u05b6\u05d1\u05b4\u05bc\u05d9\u05e9\u05c1 \u05e2\u05b8\u05e8\u05d5\u05bc\u05dd, \u05db\u05b5\u05bc\u05df \u05ea\u05b4\u05bc\u05dc\u05b0\u05d1\u05b4\u05bc\u05d9\u05e9\u05c1 \u05e2\u05b8\u05e8\u05d5\u05bc\u05dd. \u05db\u05b0\u05bc\u05e9\u05b6\u05c1\u05d4\u05d5\u05bc\u05d0 \u05e8\u05b7\u05d7\u05b2\u05de\u05b8\u05df, \u05db\u05b5\u05bc\u05df \u05ea\u05b7\u05bc\u05d7\u05b2\u05de\u05b8\u05df\u2026&quot; \u05dc\u05db\u05df, \u05d7\u05de\u05dc\u05d4 \u05db\u05dc\u05e4\u05d9 \u05db\u05dc \u05d4\u05d9\u05e6\u05d5\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd, \u05db\u05d5\u05dc\u05dc \u05d1\u05e2\u05dc\u05d9 \u05d7\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd, \u05d0\u05d9\u05e0\u05d4 \u05e8\u05e7 \u05e2\u05e0\u05d9\u05d9\u05e0\u05d5 \u05e9\u05dc \u05d0\u05dc\u05d5\u05d4\u05d9\u05dd; \u05d6\u05d5\u05d4\u05d9 \u05de\u05e2\u05dc\u05d4 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\u05d1\u05e4\u05e2\u05d5\u05dc\u05d4. \u05de\u05e2\u05d1\u05e8 \u05dc\u05d2\u05d5\u05e8\u05dd \u05d4\u05e1\u05d5\u05d1\u05d9\u05d9\u05e7\u05d8\u05d9\u05d1\u05d9 \u05e9\u05dc \u05e8\u05d2\u05e9 \u05de\u05d5\u05e1\u05e8\u05d9, \u05d4\u05d9\u05d4\u05d3\u05d5\u05ea 1) \u05de\u05d7\u05d9\u05d9\u05d1\u05ea \u05d7\u05e1\u05d3 \u05db\u05dc\u05e4\u05d9 \u05d1\u05e2\u05dc\u05d9 \u05d7\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd \u05d1\u05d4\u05dc\u05db\u05d4, 2) \u05d0\u05d5\u05e1\u05e8\u05ea \u05e2\u05dc \u05d4\u05ea\u05e2\u05dc\u05dc\u05d5\u05ea \u05d1\u05d4\u05dd, 3) \u05de\u05e9\u05d1\u05d7\u05ea \u05d0\u05ea \u05ea\u05db\u05d5\u05e0\u05d5\u05ea\u05d9\u05d4\u05dd \u05d4\u05d8\u05d5\u05d1\u05d5\u05ea, \u05d5-4) \u05de\u05d7\u05d9\u05d9\u05d1\u05ea \u05d0\u05ea \u05d1\u05e2\u05dc\u05d9\u05d4\u05dd \u05d1\u05e0\u05d5\u05d2\u05e2 \u05dc\u05e8\u05d5\u05d5\u05d7\u05ea\u05dd. \u05d1\u05de\u05d0\u05de\u05e8 \u05d6\u05d4, \u05d0\u05e0\u05d5 \u05d1\u05d5\u05d7\u05e0\u05d9\u05dd \u05d0\u05ea \u05d0\u05d7\u05e8\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea\u05e0\u05d5 \u05db\u05dc\u05e4\u05d9 \u05d1\u05e2\u05dc\u05d9 \u05d7\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd \u05db\u05d9\u05e6\u05d5\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd \u05e9\u05dc \u05d0\u05dc\u05d5\u05d4\u05d9\u05dd, \u05d4\u05e8\u05d0\u05d5\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd \u05dc\u05d7\u05de\u05dc\u05d4 \u05d5\u05db\u05d1\u05d5\u05d3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u05d8\u05d5\u05d1 \u05dc\u05d1 \u05db\u05dc\u05e4\u05d9 \u05d1\u05e2\u05dc\u05d9 \u05d7\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>&quot;\u05d9\u05e9 \u05dc\u05db\u05d1\u05d3 \u05d0\u05ea \u05db\u05dc \u05d4\u05d1\u05e8\u05d5\u05d0\u05d9\u05dd&quot;, \u05e7\u05d5\u05d1\u05e2 \u05e8\u05d1\u05d9 \u05de\u05e9\u05d4 \u05e7\u05d5\u05e8\u05d3\u05d5\u05d1\u05e8\u05d9\u05d5, &quot;\u05d5\u05dc\u05d4\u05db\u05d9\u05e8 \u05d1\u05d4\u05dd \u05d0\u05ea \u05d2\u05d3\u05d5\u05dc\u05ea\u05d5 \u05e9\u05dc \u05d4\u05d1\u05d5\u05e8\u05d0 \u05d0\u05e9\u05e8 \u05d9\u05e6\u05e8 \u05d0\u05ea \u05d4\u05d0\u05d3\u05dd \u05d1\u05d7\u05d5\u05db\u05de\u05d4. 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\u05d1\u05e2\u05dc\u05d9 \u05d7\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd \u05d4\u05d9\u05d0 \u05de\u05d3\u05d3 \u05dc\u05e2\u05d9\u05d3\u05d5\u05df \u05e8\u05d5\u05d7\u05e0\u05d9. \u05d1\u05e1\u05e4\u05e8\u05d5 \u05d4\u05e7\u05dc\u05d0\u05e1\u05d9 \u05e2\u05dc \u05de\u05d5\u05e1\u05e8 \u05d9\u05d4\u05d5\u05d3\u05d9, &quot;\u05de\u05e1\u05d9\u05dc\u05ea \u05d9\u05e9\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd&quot;, \u05d8\u05d5\u05e2\u05df \u05e8\u05d1\u05d9 \u05de\u05e9\u05d4 \u05d7\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd \u05dc\u05d5\u05e6\u05d0\u05d8\u05d5 (1707-1746) \u05e9\u05d6\u05d5 \u05d0\u05d7\u05ea \u05d4\u05ea\u05db\u05d5\u05e0\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05d1\u05e1\u05d9\u05e1\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea \u05e9\u05dc \u05d7\u05e1\u05d9\u05d3, \u05d5\u05d1\u05db\u05da \u05d4\u05d5\u05d0 \u05de\u05ea\u05db\u05d5\u05d5\u05df \u05dc\u05d0\u05d3\u05dd \u05d4\u05e9\u05d5\u05d0\u05e3 \u05dc\u05e9\u05dc\u05de\u05d5\u05ea \u05e8\u05d5\u05d7\u05e0\u05d9\u05ea. \u05d0\u05db\u05df, \u05d4\u05de\u05d3\u05e8\u05e9 \u05e7\u05d5\u05d1\u05e2 \u05db\u05d9 \u05d2\u05dd \u05de\u05e9\u05d4 \u05d5\u05d2\u05dd \u05d3\u05d5\u05d3 \u05d4\u05de\u05dc\u05da \u05e0\u05d1\u05d7\u05e8\u05d5 \u05e2\u05dc \u05d9\u05d3\u05d9 \u05d0\u05dc\u05d5\u05d4\u05d9\u05dd \u05dc\u05d4\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea \u05de\u05e0\u05d4\u05d9\u05d2\u05d9 \u05d9\u05e9\u05e8\u05d0\u05dc \u05d1\u05d2\u05dc\u05dc \u05d4\u05d7\u05de\u05dc\u05d4 \u05e9\u05d4\u05e4\u05d2\u05d9\u05e0\u05d5 \u05d1\u05e2\u05d1\u05e8 \u05db\u05dc\u05e4\u05d9 \u05e2\u05d3\u05e8\u05d9\u05d4\u05dd. \u05d9\u05e9\u05e0\u05dd \u05d0\u05d9\u05e0\u05e1\u05e4\u05d5\u05e8 \u05e1\u05d9\u05e4\u05d5\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd \u05e2\u05dc \u05e6\u05d3\u05d9\u05e7\u05d9\u05dd \u05d5\u05d3\u05d0\u05d2\u05ea\u05dd \u05dc\u05e8\u05d5\u05d5\u05d7\u05ea \u05d1\u05e2\u05dc\u05d9 \u05d4\u05d7\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd. \u05d3\u05d0\u05d2\u05d4 \u05d6\u05d5 \u05e2\u05e9\u05d5\u05d9\u05d4 \u05dc\u05d4\u05e9\u05ea\u05e8\u05e2 \u05d0\u05e4\u05d9\u05dc\u05d5 \u05e2\u05dc \u05d9\u05e6\u05d5\u05e8\u05d9 \u05d1\u05e8 \u05e9\u05d0\u05d9\u05df \u05dc\u05e0\u05d5 \u05d0\u05d7\u05e8\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea \u05d9\u05e9\u05d9\u05e8\u05d4 \u05e2\u05dc\u05d9\u05d4\u05dd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u05db\u05e4\u05d9 \u05e9\u05e6\u05d9\u05d9\u05df \u05d4\u05de\u05d4\u05e8&quot;\u05dc \u05de\u05e4\u05e8\u05d0\u05d2 (\u05e8\u05d1\u05d9 \u05d9\u05d4\u05d5\u05d3\u05d4 \u05dc\u05d5\u05d0\u05d9 \u05d1\u05df \u05d1\u05e6\u05dc\u05d0\u05dc, 1512-1609), &quot;\u05d0\u05d4\u05d1\u05ea \u05db\u05dc \u05d4\u05d1\u05e8\u05d9\u05d0\u05d4 \u05d4\u05d9\u05d0 \u05d2\u05dd \u05d0\u05d4\u05d1\u05ea \u05d4\u05d0\u05dc; \u05db\u05d9 \u05de\u05d9 \u05e9\u05d0\u05d5\u05d4\u05d1 \u05d0\u05ea \u05d4\u05d0\u05d7\u05d3, \u05d0\u05d5\u05d4\u05d1 \u05d0\u05ea \u05db\u05dc \u05d4\u05de\u05e2\u05e9\u05d9\u05dd \u05d0\u05e9\u05e8 \u05e2\u05e9\u05d4&quot;.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u05d4\u05d4\u05d1\u05e0\u05d4 \u05e9\u05dc \u05d0\u05de\u05ea \u05d6\u05d5 \u05d4\u05d9\u05d0 \u05d4\u05e0\u05e7\u05d5\u05d3\u05d4 \u05d4\u05de\u05e8\u05db\u05d6\u05d9\u05ea \u05e9\u05dc \u05d4\u05de\u05d9\u05e1\u05d8\u05d9\u05e7\u05d4 \u05d4\u05d9\u05d4\u05d5\u05d3\u05d9\u05ea. \u05d5\u05d4\u05d9\u05d0 \u05e9\u05d5\u05e8\u05e9 \u05d4\u05d0\u05ea\u05d9\u05e7\u05d4 \u05d4\u05d9\u05d4\u05d5\u05d3\u05d9\u05ea \u05e9\u05dc \u05d7\u05de\u05dc\u05d4 \u05db\u05dc\u05e4\u05d9 \u05db\u05dc \u05d4\u05d9\u05e6\u05d5\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u05d4\u05dc\u05db\u05d5\u05ea \u05e6\u05e8 \u05d1\u05e2\u05dc\u05d9 \u05d7\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd &#8211; \u05de\u05e0\u05d9\u05e2\u05ea \u05e6\u05e2\u05e8 \u05d1\u05e2\u05dc\u05d9 \u05d7\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u05e2\u05dc \u05e1\u05de\u05da \u05d0\u05d9\u05dc\u05d5 \u05e0\u05d9\u05de\u05d5\u05e7\u05d9\u05dd \u05d0\u05e1\u05d5\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd \u05de\u05e2\u05e9\u05d9 \u05e6\u05e2\u05e8 \u05d1\u05e2\u05dc\u05d9 \u05d7\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd? \u05d1\u05e9\u05d5\u05dd \u05de\u05e7\u05d5\u05dd \u05d4\u05ea\u05d5\u05e8\u05d4 \u05dc\u05d0 \u05e7\u05d5\u05d1\u05e2\u05ea &quot;\u05dc\u05d0 \u05ea\u05e2\u05e0\u05d4 \u05d1\u05e2\u05dc\u05d9 \u05d7\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd&quot;. \u05e2\u05dd \u05d6\u05d0\u05ea, \u05d7\u05db\u05de\u05d9 \u05d4\u05ea\u05dc\u05de\u05d5\u05d3 \u05db\u05d5\u05dc\u05dd \u05de\u05e7\u05d1\u05dc\u05d9\u05dd \u05d1\u05e9\u05ea\u05d9\u05e7\u05d4 \u05e9\u05de\u05e2\u05e9\u05d9\u05dd \u05db\u05d0\u05dc\u05d4 \u05d0\u05e1\u05d5\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd \u05de\u05db\u05d5\u05d7 \u05de\u05e1\u05d5\u05e8\u05ea \u05e8\u05e6\u05d5\u05e4\u05d4 \u05e9\u05d4\u05d7\u05dc\u05d4 \u05d1\u05de\u05e9\u05d4 \u05d1\u05d4\u05e8 \u05e1\u05d9\u05e0\u05d9. \u05d4\u05dd \u05e8\u05e7 \u05de\u05d8\u05d9\u05dc\u05d9\u05dd \u05e1\u05e4\u05e7 \u05d1\u05e0\u05d9\u05de\u05d5\u05e7\u05d9\u05dd \u05d4\u05e1\u05e4\u05e6\u05d9\u05e4\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd \u05d5\u05d1\u05d4\u05e9\u05dc\u05db\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05d0\u05d9\u05e1\u05d5\u05e8.vi \u05d4\u05ea\u05dc\u05de\u05d5\u05d3 (\u05d1\u05d1\u05d0 \u05de\u05e6\u05d9\u05e2\u05d0 \u05dc\u05d1 \u05e2&quot;\u05d1) \u05de\u05e6\u05d8\u05d8 \u05de\u05d7\u05dc\u05d5\u05e7\u05ea \u05d4\u05d0\u05dd \u05e6\u05e2\u05e8 \u05d1\u05e2\u05dc\u05d9 \u05d7\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd \u05d0\u05e1\u05d5\u05e8 \u05e2\u05dc \u05e4\u05d9 \u05d3\u05d9\u05df \u05e7\u05d5\u05d3\u05e9 \u05d0\u05d5 \u05d2\u05d6\u05d9\u05e8\u05d4 \u05d7\u05d6&quot;\u05dc\u05d9\u05ea. \u05d4\u05d3\u05d9\u05d5\u05df \u05e2\u05d5\u05e1\u05e7 \u05d1\u05de\u05e7\u05e8\u05d4 \u05d4\u05de\u05d5\u05e4\u05d9\u05e2 \u05d1\u05e9\u05de\u05d5\u05ea \u05db&quot;\u05d2, \u05d4', \u05e9\u05d1\u05d5 \u05e0\u05d5\u05e1\u05e2 \u05e0\u05ea\u05e7\u05dc \u05d1\u05d1\u05e2\u05dc\u05d9 \u05d7\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd \u05e9\u05dc \u05d0\u05d5\u05d9\u05d1\u05d5 &quot;\u05e9\u05d5\u05db\u05d1\u05ea \u05ea\u05d7\u05ea \u05de\u05e9\u05d0\u05d4&quot;, \u05d5\u05d1\u05e6\u05d9\u05d5\u05d5\u05d9 \u05d4\u05ea\u05d5\u05e8\u05d4 \u05dc\u05d4\u05ea\u05e2\u05e8\u05d1.vii \u05dc\u05de\u05e8\u05d5\u05ea \u05e9\u05d4\u05d3\u05d9\u05d5\u05df \u05d4\u05ea\u05dc\u05de\u05d5\u05d3\u05d9 \u05d0\u05d9\u05e0\u05d5 \u05d7\u05d3 \u05de\u05e9\u05de\u05e2\u05d9 \u05d5\u05db\u05de\u05d4 \u05d3\u05e2\u05d5\u05ea \u05de\u05d0\u05d5\u05d7\u05e8\u05d5\u05ea \u05d9\u05d5\u05ea\u05e8 \u05e8\u05d5\u05d0\u05d5\u05ea \u05d1\u05d0\u05d9\u05e1\u05d5\u05e8 \u05db\u05d7\u05d6&quot;\u05dc\u05d9\u05ea,viii \u05d4\u05e8\u05de\u05d1&quot;\u05dd (\u05e8\u05d1\u05d9 \u05de\u05e9\u05d4 \u05d1\u05df \u05de\u05d9\u05de\u05d5\u05df, 1135-1204) \u05d5\u05e8\u05d5\u05d1 \u05d4\u05e8\u05e9\u05d5\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea \u05de\u05ea\u05d9\u05d9\u05d7\u05e1\u05d5\u05ea \u05dc\u05d0\u05d9\u05e1\u05d5\u05e8 \u05db\u05d7\u05d6&quot;\u05dc\u05d9\u05ea.ix<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u05d0\u05d9\u05d6\u05d4 \u05d4\u05d1\u05d3\u05dc \u05de\u05e2\u05e9\u05d9 \u05d6\u05d4 \u05de\u05e9\u05e0\u05d4? \u05d4\u05d1\u05d3\u05dc \u05d0\u05d7\u05d3 \u05d4\u05d5\u05d0 \u05e9\u05d0\u05dd \u05e6\u05e2\u05e8 \u05d1\u05e2\u05dc\u05d9 \u05d7\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd \u05d0\u05e1\u05d5\u05e8 \u05e2\u05dc \u05e4\u05d9 \u05d4\u05db\u05ea\u05d5\u05d1\u05d9\u05dd, \u05d9\u05e9 \u05dc\u05d0 \u05e8\u05e7 \u05dc\u05d4\u05d9\u05de\u05e0\u05e2 \u05de\u05d2\u05e8\u05d9\u05de\u05ea \u05db\u05d0\u05d1 \u05dc\u05d1\u05d4\u05de\u05d4, \u05d0\u05dc\u05d0 \u05d2\u05dd \u05dc\u05d4\u05ea\u05e2\u05e8\u05d1 \u05d1\u05d0\u05d5\u05e4\u05df \u05e4\u05e2\u05d9\u05dc \u05db\u05d3\u05d9 \u05dc\u05d4\u05e7\u05dc \u05e2\u05dc\u05d9\u05d4. \u05e2\u05dc \u05e4\u05d9 \u05db\u05de\u05d4 \u05e4\u05d5\u05e1\u05e7\u05d9\u05dd, \u05d4\u05d3\u05d1\u05e8 \u05de\u05e9\u05ea\u05de\u05e2 \u05de\u05d4\u05e6\u05d9\u05d5\u05d5\u05d9 \u05e9\u05dc \u05d4\u05ea\u05d5\u05e8\u05d4 \u05d1\u05de\u05e7\u05e8\u05d4 \u05d4\u05e0&quot;\u05dc, &quot;\u05d5\u05e2\u05d6\u05e8\u05ea \u05dc\u05d5 \u05d1\u05d5&quot;.x \u05d4\u05e9\u05dc\u05db\u05d4 \u05de\u05e2\u05e9\u05d9\u05ea \u05e0\u05d5\u05e1\u05e4\u05ea \u05e0\u05d5\u05d2\u05e2\u05ea \u05dc\u05d7\u05d5\u05e7\u05d9 \u05d4\u05e9\u05d1\u05ea. \u05d0\u05dd \u05d4\u05d0\u05d9\u05e1\u05d5\u05e8 \u05d4\u05d5\u05d0 \u05e2\u05dc \u05e4\u05d9 \u05d4\u05db\u05ea\u05d5\u05d1\u05d9\u05dd, \u05e0\u05d9\u05ea\u05df \u05dc\u05d5\u05d5\u05ea\u05e8 \u05e2\u05dc \u05d4\u05d2\u05d1\u05dc\u05d5\u05ea \u05e9\u05d1\u05ea \u05de\u05e1\u05d5\u05d9\u05de\u05d5\u05ea \u05db\u05d3\u05d9 \u05dc\u05d4\u05e7\u05dc \u05e2\u05dc \u05db\u05d0\u05d1\u05d4 \u05e9\u05dc \u05d1\u05e2\u05dc \u05d7\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd.xi \u05de\u05e9\u05ea\u05e0\u05d4 \u05e0\u05d5\u05e1\u05e3 \u05d4\u05d5\u05d0 \u05d7\u05d5\u05de\u05e8\u05ea \u05d4\u05e2\u05d5\u05e0\u05e9 \u05e2\u05dc \u05e2\u05d1\u05d9\u05e8\u05d4 \u05e2\u05dc \u05d4\u05db\u05ea\u05d5\u05d1\u05d9\u05dd, \u05d1\u05e0\u05d9\u05d2\u05d5\u05d3 \u05dc\u05d7\u05d5\u05e7\u05d9 \u05d4\u05e8\u05d1\u05e0\u05d9\u05dd. \u05d4\u05d3\u05e2\u05d4 \u05d4\u05d4\u05dc\u05db\u05ea\u05d9\u05ea \u05d4\u05e8\u05d5\u05d5\u05d7\u05ea \u05d4\u05d9\u05d0 \u05e9\u05e6\u05e2\u05e8 \u05d1\u05e2\u05dc\u05d9 \u05d7\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd \u05d0\u05e1\u05d5\u05e8 \u05e2\u05dc \u05e4\u05d9 \u05d4\u05db\u05ea\u05d5\u05d1\u05d9\u05dd.xii \u05dc\u05db\u05df, \u05d0\u05e0\u05d5 \u05de\u05d7\u05d5\u05d9\u05d1\u05d9\u05dd \u05dc\u05e1\u05d9\u05d9\u05e2 \u05dc\u05d1\u05e2\u05dc \u05d7\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd; \u05d5\u05d1\u05e9\u05d1\u05ea, \u05d7\u05d5\u05d1\u05d4 \u05d6\u05d5 \u05d2\u05d5\u05d1\u05e8\u05ea \u05e2\u05dc \u05db\u05dc \u05d4\u05d4\u05d2\u05d1\u05dc\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05e8\u05d1\u05e0\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea.xiii<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u05d1\u05e2\u05dc\u05d9 \u05d7\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd \u05dc\u05de\u05d0\u05db\u05dc<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u05e0\u05d5\u05e9\u05d0 \u05d0\u05d7\u05d3 \u05e9\u05d4\u05d9\u05d4\u05d3\u05d5\u05ea \u05d7\u05d5\u05dc\u05e7\u05ea \u05e2\u05dc\u05d9\u05d5 \u05e2\u05dc \u05ea\u05e0\u05d5\u05e2\u05ea \u05d6\u05db\u05d5\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea \u05d1\u05e2\u05dc\u05d9 \u05d4\u05d7\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd (\u05d0\u05d5 \u05dc\u05e4\u05d7\u05d5\u05ea \u05e2\u05dc \u05de\u05d2\u05de\u05d4 \u05d0\u05d7\u05ea \u05d1\u05ea\u05d5\u05da \u05ea\u05e0\u05d5\u05e2\u05ea \u05d6\u05db\u05d5\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea \u05d1\u05e2\u05dc\u05d9 \u05d4\u05d7\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd) \u05d4\u05d5\u05d0 \u05d4\u05ea\u05e4\u05d9\u05e1\u05d4 \u05d4\u05e4\u05d9\u05dc\u05d5\u05e1\u05d5\u05e4\u05d9\u05ea \u05d4\u05de\u05e2\u05de\u05d9\u05d3\u05d4 \u05d1\u05e2\u05dc\u05d9 \u05d7\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd \u05d5\u05d1\u05e0\u05d9 \u05d0\u05d3\u05dd \u05d1\u05d0\u05d5\u05ea\u05d5 \u05de\u05d9\u05e9\u05d5\u05e8.xiv \u05d4\u05d0\u05d9\u05e1\u05d5\u05e8 \u05e2\u05dc \u05e6\u05e2\u05e8 \u05d1\u05e2\u05dc\u05d9 \u05d7\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd \u05d0\u05d9\u05e0\u05d5 \u05d7\u05dc \u05e2\u05dc \u05de\u05e6\u05d1\u05d9\u05dd \u05d1\u05d4\u05dd \u05d1\u05e0\u05d9 \u05d0\u05d3\u05dd \u05e8\u05e9\u05d0\u05d9\u05dd \u05dc\u05e2\u05e9\u05d5\u05ea \u05e9\u05d9\u05de\u05d5\u05e9 \u05d1\u05d1\u05e2\u05dc\u05d9 \u05d7\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd, \u05db\u05dc\u05d5\u05de\u05e8 \u05db\u05d3\u05d9 \u05dc\u05e9\u05e8\u05ea \u05e6\u05e8\u05db\u05d9\u05dd \u05d0\u05e0\u05d5\u05e9\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd \u05dc\u05d2\u05d9\u05d8\u05d9\u05de\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd. \u05d3\u05d5\u05d2\u05de\u05d4 \u05e2\u05d9\u05e7\u05e8\u05d9\u05ea \u05d0\u05d7\u05ea \u05d4\u05d9\u05d0 \u05e9(\u05db\u05d5\u05d5\u05d9\u05ea\u05d5\u05e8 \u05dc\u05ea\u05e9\u05d5\u05e7\u05d4 \u05dc\u05d1\u05e9\u05e8) \u05d4\u05ea\u05d9\u05e8\u05d4 \u05d4\u05ea\u05d5\u05e8\u05d4 \u05d0\u05ea \u05e9\u05d7\u05d9\u05d8\u05ea \u05d1\u05e2\u05dc\u05d9 \u05d4\u05d7\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd \u05dc\u05e0\u05d7 \u05d5\u05dc\u05e6\u05d0\u05e6\u05d0\u05d9\u05d5.xv<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u05e2\u05dd \u05d6\u05d0\u05ea, \u05d4\u05d4\u05d9\u05ea\u05e8 \u05dc\u05e9\u05d7\u05d9\u05d8\u05ea \u05d1\u05e2\u05dc\u05d9 \u05d7\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd \u05dc\u05de\u05d0\u05db\u05dc \u05e0\u05d9\u05ea\u05df \u05d1\u05de\u05e1\u05d2\u05e8\u05ea \u05de\u05e2\u05e8\u05db\u05ea \u05de\u05d5\u05e8\u05db\u05d1\u05ea \u05e9\u05dc \u05de\u05d2\u05d1\u05dc\u05d5\u05ea, \u05e9\u05d7\u05dc\u05e7 \u05d7\u05e9\u05d5\u05d1 \u05de\u05d4\u05df \u05d4\u05d5\u05d0 \u05d3\u05d0\u05d2\u05d4 \u05dc\u05e1\u05d1\u05dc\u05dd \u05e9\u05dc \u05d0\u05d5\u05ea\u05dd \u05d9\u05e6\u05d5\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd \u05d4\u05de\u05d0\u05d1\u05d3\u05d9\u05dd \u05d0\u05ea \u05d7\u05d9\u05d9\u05d4\u05dd \u05dc\u05d8\u05d5\u05d1\u05ea\u05e0\u05d5.xvi \u05d4\u05d8\u05d9\u05e4\u05d5\u05dc \u05d4\u05d4\u05d5\u05de\u05d0\u05e0\u05d9 \u05d1\u05d1\u05e2\u05dc\u05d9 \u05d7\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd \u05de\u05d9\u05d3 \u05dc\u05e4\u05e0\u05d9 \u05d4\u05e9\u05d7\u05d9\u05d8\u05d4 \u05e0\u05d3\u05e8\u05e9 \u05e2\u05dc \u05e4\u05d9 \u05d4\u05d4\u05dc\u05db\u05d4. \u05dc\u05d3\u05d5\u05d2\u05de\u05d4, \u05d0\u05d9\u05df \u05dc\u05e9\u05d7\u05d9\u05d8 \u05d1\u05e2\u05dc \u05d7\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd \u05dc\u05e2\u05d9\u05e0\u05d9 \u05d1\u05e2\u05dc \u05d7\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd \u05d7\u05d9 \u05d0\u05d7\u05e8,xvii \u05d5\u05d9\u05e9 \u05dc\u05e2\u05db\u05d1 \u05d0\u05ea \u05d1\u05e2\u05dc \u05d4\u05d7\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd \u05d1\u05d6\u05d4\u05d9\u05e8\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05d0\u05e4\u05e9\u05e8\u05d9\u05ea.xviii \u05d1\u05de\u05e9\u05da \u05de\u05d0\u05d5\u05ea \u05e9\u05e0\u05d9\u05dd \u05d4\u05e4\u05db\u05d4 \u05d3\u05e8\u05d9\u05e9\u05d4 \u05e0\u05d5\u05e1\u05e4\u05ea \u05e9\u05d4\u05e9\u05d5\u05d7\u05d8 \u05d9\u05d4\u05d9\u05d4 \u05ea\u05dc\u05de\u05d9\u05d3 \u05d7\u05db\u05dd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u05de\u05d0\u05d7\u05e8 \u05e9\u05e9\u05d7\u05d9\u05d8\u05ea \u05d1\u05e2\u05dc\u05d9 \u05d7\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd \u05de\u05d5\u05ea\u05e8\u05ea \u05d1\u05de\u05e1\u05d2\u05e8\u05ea \u05de\u05d2\u05d1\u05dc\u05d5\u05ea \u05d0\u05dc\u05d4, \u05db\u05dc \u05db\u05d0\u05d1 \u05e9\u05e0\u05d5\u05e6\u05e8 \u05db\u05ea\u05d5\u05e6\u05d0\u05d4 \u05de\u05db\u05da \u05e2\u05dc \u05d1\u05e2\u05dc \u05d4\u05d7\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd \u05dc\u05d0 \u05d9\u05d9\u05e4\u05d5\u05dc \u05ea\u05d7\u05ea \u05d4\u05d0\u05d9\u05e1\u05d5\u05e8 \u05d4\u05d4\u05dc\u05db\u05ea\u05d9 \u05e9\u05dc \u05e6\u05e2\u05e8 \u05d1\u05e2\u05dc\u05d9 \u05d7\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd. \u05d9&quot;\u05d8<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u05e2\u05dc \u05e4\u05d9 \u05e8\u05d5\u05d1 \u05d4\u05e8\u05e9\u05d5\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea, \u05e4\u05d8\u05d5\u05e8 \u05d6\u05d4 \u05d7\u05dc \u05e2\u05dc \u05db\u05dc \u05d4\u05e1\u05d9\u05d1\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05d0\u05d7\u05e8\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05de\u05d0\u05d5\u05e9\u05e8\u05d5\u05ea \u05e2\u05dc \u05e4\u05d9 \u05d3\u05ea \u05dc\u05e9\u05d7\u05d9\u05d8\u05ea \u05d1\u05e2\u05dc\u05d9 \u05d7\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd, \u05db\u05d2\u05d5\u05df \u05d0\u05e1\u05e4\u05e7\u05ea \u05d1\u05d2\u05d3\u05d9\u05dd \u05d0\u05d5 \u05de\u05d5\u05e6\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd \u05dc\u05d1\u05e0\u05d9 \u05d0\u05d3\u05dd \u05dc\u05de\u05d8\u05e8\u05d5\u05ea \u05e8\u05e4\u05d5\u05d0\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea, \u05d0\u05d5 \u05db\u05d3\u05d9 \u05dc\u05d4\u05d5\u05e2\u05d9\u05dc \u05dc\u05e0\u05d5 \u05d1\u05e6\u05d5\u05e8\u05d4 \u05de\u05e9\u05de\u05e2\u05d5\u05ea\u05d9\u05ea \u05db\u05dc\u05e9\u05d4\u05d9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u05de\u05dc\u05d1\u05d3 \u05db\u05dc \u05de\u05e9\u05de\u05e2\u05d5\u05ea \u05d8\u05e7\u05e1\u05d9\u05ea \u05d0\u05d5 \u05d0\u05d7\u05e8\u05ea \u05e9\u05d9\u05e9 \u05dc\u05d4, \u05e9\u05d7\u05d9\u05d8\u05d4 (\u05e9\u05d7\u05d9\u05d8\u05d4 \u05db\u05e9\u05e8\u05d4) \u05de\u05d1\u05e7\u05e9\u05ea \u05dc\u05de\u05d6\u05e2\u05e8 \u05d0\u05ea \u05db\u05d0\u05d1\u05d5 \u05e9\u05dc \u05d1\u05e2\u05dc \u05d4\u05d7\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd.xx \u05d5\u05d0\u05db\u05df, \u05dc\u05d0\u05d7\u05e8 \u05d9\u05d5\u05ea\u05e8 \u05de\u05e9\u05dc\u05d5\u05e9\u05ea \u05d0\u05dc\u05e4\u05d9\u05dd \u05e9\u05e0\u05d4 \u05de\u05d0\u05d6 \u05de\u05ea\u05df \u05d4\u05ea\u05d5\u05e8\u05d4 \u05d1\u05d4\u05e8 \u05e1\u05d9\u05e0\u05d9, \u05d0\u05e3 \u05e6\u05d5\u05e8\u05ea \u05e9\u05d7\u05d9\u05d8\u05d4 \u05d0\u05d7\u05e8\u05ea \u05dc\u05d0 \u05d4\u05d5\u05db\u05d9\u05d7\u05d4 \u05d0\u05ea \u05e2\u05e6\u05de\u05d4 \u05db\u05e2\u05d3\u05d9\u05e4\u05d4 \u05d1\u05d4\u05e7\u05e9\u05e8 \u05d6\u05d4. \u05d4\u05e8\u05d1 \u05d9. \u05d3\u05d5\u05d3 \u05d1\u05dc\u05d9\u05d9\u05da, \u05e1\u05de\u05db\u05d5\u05ea \u05e2\u05db\u05e9\u05d5\u05d5\u05d9\u05ea 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\u05d1\u05e2\u05d5\u05e8 \u05d4\u05de\u05db\u05e1\u05d4 \u05d0\u05ea \u05d4\u05d2\u05e8\u05d5\u05df, \u05d4\u05d7\u05ea\u05da \u05e2\u05e6\u05de\u05d5 \u05d0\u05d9\u05e0\u05d5 \u05d2\u05d5\u05e8\u05dd \u05dc\u05db\u05d0\u05d1\u2026 \u05d0\u05d5\u05d1\u05d3\u05df \u05d4\u05d3\u05dd \u05d4\u05e2\u05e6\u05d5\u05dd \u05d4\u05e0\u05d5\u05d1\u05e2 \u05de\u05db\u05da \u05d2\u05d5\u05e8\u05dd \u05dc\u05d1\u05e2\u05dc \u05d4\u05d7\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd \u05dc\u05d0\u05d1\u05d3 \u05d0\u05ea \u05d4\u05db\u05e8\u05ea\u05d5 \u05ea\u05d5\u05da \u05e9\u05e0\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea.&quot;xxi \u05d8\u05e2\u05e0\u05d4 \u05d6\u05d5 \u05e0\u05ea\u05de\u05db\u05ea \u05e2\u05dc \u05d9\u05d3\u05d9 \u05d2\u05d5\u05e3 \u05de\u05e9\u05de\u05e2\u05d5\u05ea\u05d9 \u05e9\u05dc \u05e8\u05d0\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea \u05de\u05d3\u05e2\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea.xxii<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u05de\u05d4 \u05e7\u05d5\u05e8\u05d4 \u05dc\u05e4\u05e0\u05d9 \u05e9\u05d7\u05d9\u05d8\u05d4<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u05dc\u05d0\u05d7\u05e8 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\u05d1\u05d3\u05e8\u05da \u05db\u05dc\u05dc \u05d1\u05d7\u05d5\u05d5\u05ea \u05e4\u05e8\u05d8\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea, \u05d1\u05ea\u05e0\u05d0\u05d9\u05dd \u05d4\u05d5\u05de\u05e0\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd \u05d9\u05d7\u05e1\u05d9\u05ea (\u05d0\u05dd \u05db\u05d9 \u05d0\u05d9\u05df \u05e1\u05e4\u05e7 \u05e9\u05d4\u05d9\u05d5 \u05db\u05de\u05d4 \u05d7\u05d5\u05d5\u05ea \u05e2\u05dd \u05ea\u05e0\u05d0\u05d9\u05dd \u05e7\u05e9\u05d9\u05dd, \u05d0\u05d6 \u05db\u05de\u05d5 \u05d4\u05d9\u05d5\u05dd). \u05d4\u05e9\u05d5\u05d7\u05d8 \u05d4\u05d9\u05d4 \u05d3\u05de\u05d5\u05ea \u05de\u05d5\u05db\u05e8\u05ea \u05dc\u05e7\u05d4\u05d9\u05dc\u05ea\u05d5; \u05d4\u05d5\u05d0 \u05e2\u05d1\u05d3 \u05e2\u05d1\u05d5\u05e8 \u05db\u05dc \u05dc\u05e7\u05d5\u05d7 \u05d1\u05d0\u05d5\u05e4\u05df \u05d0\u05d9\u05e0\u05d3\u05d9\u05d1\u05d9\u05d3\u05d5\u05d0\u05dc\u05d9, \u05d5\u05db\u05e0\u05e8\u05d0\u05d4 \u05e9\u05d7\u05d8 \u05d1\u05e2\u05dc\u05d9 \u05d7\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd \u05d2\u05d3\u05d5\u05dc\u05d9\u05dd 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\u05e9\u05e0\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4-40 \u05d0\u05e0\u05d5 \u05e2\u05d3\u05d9\u05dd, \u05d1\u05e0\u05d5\u05e1\u05e3 \u05dc\u05e9\u05d9\u05d8\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05d0\u05d2\u05e8\u05d5\u05e0\u05d5\u05de\u05d9\u05d4 \u05d4\u05de\u05e1\u05d5\u05e8\u05ea\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea, \u05dc\u05e2\u05dc\u05d9\u05d9\u05ea\u05df \u05e9\u05dc &quot;\u05d7\u05d5\u05d5\u05ea \u05ea\u05e2\u05e9\u05d9\u05d9\u05ea\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea&quot;, \u05d4\u05de\u05d9\u05d9\u05e6\u05e8\u05d5\u05ea \u05de\u05d9\u05dc\u05d9\u05d5\u05e0\u05d9 \u05d1\u05e7\u05e8 \u05dc\u05d1\u05e9\u05e8 \u05d5\u05e2\u05d5\u05e4\u05d5\u05ea \u05d1\u05de\u05d9\u05dc\u05d9\u05d0\u05e8\u05d3\u05d9\u05dd \u05de\u05d3\u05d9 \u05e9\u05e0\u05d4 \u05dc\u05e6\u05e8\u05d9\u05db\u05d4 \u05d0\u05e0\u05d5\u05e9\u05d9\u05ea. \u05d1\u05d4\u05ea\u05d7\u05e9\u05d1 \u05d1\u05de\u05e6\u05d9\u05d0\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05db\u05dc\u05db\u05dc\u05d9\u05ea \u05e9\u05dc \u05ea\u05e2\u05e9\u05d9\u05d9\u05ea \u05d4\u05de\u05d6\u05d5\u05df \u05e9\u05dc 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(\u05dc\u05d7\u05dc\u05e7\u05dd \u05d9\u05e9 \u05de\u05d2\u05d3\u05dc\u05d9\u05dd \u05d7\u05d5\u05d6\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd, \u05d5\u05dc\u05db\u05df \u05d9\u05d9\u05ea\u05db\u05df \u05e9\u05d9\u05e9 \u05dc\u05d4\u05dd \u05d9\u05d5\u05ea\u05e8 \u05d4\u05e9\u05e4\u05e2\u05d4 \u05e2\u05dc \u05ea\u05e0\u05d0\u05d9 \u05d1\u05e2\u05dc\u05d9 \u05d4\u05d7\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd \u05d4\u05dc\u05dc\u05d5, \u05d0\u05da \u05d0\u05d9\u05df \u05d6\u05d4 \u05d5\u05d3\u05d0\u05d9.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u05e2\u05dc \u05e4\u05d9 \u05e9\u05d9\u05d8\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05d7\u05e7\u05dc\u05d0\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05ea\u05e2\u05e9\u05d9\u05d9\u05ea\u05d9\u05ea, \u05d1\u05e2\u05dc\u05d9 \u05d7\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd \u05de\u05d2\u05d5\u05d3\u05dc\u05d9\u05dd \u05d1\u05d3\u05e8\u05da \u05db\u05dc\u05dc \u05d1\u05e1\u05d1\u05d9\u05d1\u05d5\u05ea \u05e6\u05e4\u05d5\u05e4\u05d5\u05ea \u05d5\u05de\u05dc\u05d0\u05db\u05d5\u05ea\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea, \u05e9\u05d1\u05d4\u05df \u05e6\u05e8\u05db\u05d9\u05d4\u05dd \u05d4\u05e8\u05d2\u05e9\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd \u05de\u05ea\u05e2\u05dc\u05de\u05d9\u05dd \u05d1\u05de\u05d9\u05d3\u05d4 \u05e8\u05d1\u05d4. \u05d7\u05d5\u05e7 \u05e8\u05d5\u05d5\u05d7\u05ea \u05d1\u05e2\u05dc\u05d9 \u05d4\u05d7\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd \u05d4\u05e4\u05d3\u05e8\u05dc\u05d9 \u05d0\u05d9\u05e0\u05d5 \u05db\u05d5\u05dc\u05dc \u05d1\u05de\u05e4\u05d5\u05e8\u05e9 \u05d1\u05e2\u05dc\u05d9 \u05d7\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd \u05dc\u05de\u05d0\u05db\u05dc. \u05dc\u05e4\u05d9\u05db\u05da, \u05d4\u05ea\u05e2\u05e9\u05d9\u05d9\u05d4 \u05e4\u05d9\u05ea\u05d7\u05d4 \u05de\u05e2\u05e8\u05db\u05d5\u05ea \u05d7\u05d3\u05e9\u05d5\u05ea \u05dc\u05d2\u05d9\u05d3\u05d5\u05dc \u05d1\u05e2\u05dc\u05d9 \u05d7\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd \u05e9\u05d4\u05d2\u05d3\u05d9\u05dc\u05d5 \u05d1\u05d0\u05d5\u05e4\u05df \u05d0\u05e7\u05e1\u05e4\u05d5\u05e0\u05e0\u05e6\u05d9\u05d0\u05dc\u05d9 \u05d0\u05ea \u05d4\u05d9\u05d9\u05e6\u05d5\u05e8 \u05d5\u05d4\u05e8\u05d5\u05d5\u05d7\u05d9\u05dd; \u05d9\u05d9\u05ea\u05db\u05df \u05e9\u05d9\u05e9 \u05d7\u05d5\u05d5\u05ea \u05ea\u05e2\u05e9\u05d9\u05d9\u05ea\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea \u05e9\u05d4\u05df \u05d9\u05d5\u05e6\u05d0\u05d5\u05ea \u05de\u05df \u05d4\u05db\u05dc\u05dc \u05dc\u05db\u05dc\u05dc, \u05d0\u05da \u05e4\u05e2\u05d9\u05dc\u05d9 \u05d1\u05e2\u05dc\u05d9 \u05d7\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd \u05d8\u05d5\u05e2\u05e0\u05d9\u05dd \u05e9\u05e8\u05d5\u05d1\u05df \u05d4\u05de\u05db\u05e8\u05d9\u05e2 \u05de\u05e4\u05d2\u05d9\u05df \u05d3\u05d0\u05d2\u05d4 \u05de\u05d9\u05e0\u05d9\u05de\u05dc\u05d9\u05ea \u05dc\u05e8\u05d5\u05d5\u05d7\u05ea \u05d1\u05e2\u05dc\u05d9 \u05d4\u05d7\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd \u05e9\u05d2\u05d9\u05d3\u05dc\u05d5. \u05de\u05e2\u05e8\u05db\u05d5\u05ea \u05d0\u05dc\u05d5 \u05e0\u05d1\u05d3\u05e7\u05d5 \u05dc\u05d0\u05d7\u05e8\u05d5\u05e0\u05d4 \u05e2\u05dc \u05d9\u05d3\u05d9 \u05e6\u05e8\u05db\u05e0\u05d9\u05dd \u05d5\u05e8\u05d2\u05d5\u05dc\u05d8\u05d5\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd \u05db\u05d0\u05d7\u05d3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u05de\u05e0\u05e7\u05d5\u05d3\u05ea \u05de\u05d1\u05d8 \u05d9\u05d4\u05d5\u05d3\u05d9\u05ea, \u05e9\u05d9\u05d8\u05d5\u05ea \u05d0\u05dc\u05d5 \u05de\u05d5\u05d8\u05dc\u05d5\u05ea \u05d1\u05e1\u05e4\u05e7 \u05e8\u05d1. \u05d4\u05e8\u05d1 \u05d0\u05e8\u05d9\u05d4 \u05db\u05e8\u05de\u05dc, \u05de\u05de\u05d9\u05d9\u05e1\u05d3\u05d9 \u05d0\u05d2\u05d5\u05d3\u05ea \u05d4\u05de\u05d3\u05e2\u05e0\u05d9\u05dd \u05d4\u05d0\u05d5\u05e8\u05ea\u05d5\u05d3\u05d5\u05e7\u05e1\u05d9\u05dd \u05e9\u05dc \u05d1\u05e8\u05d9\u05d8\u05e0\u05d9\u05d4, \u05d0\u05e9\u05e8 \u05d1\u05de\u05e9\u05da \u05e9\u05e0\u05d9\u05dd \u05e8\u05d1\u05d5\u05ea \u05db\u05d9\u05d4\u05df \u05d1\u05e1\u05d2\u05dc \u05d9\u05e9\u05d9\u05d1\u05ea \u05d3\u05d1\u05e8 \u05d9\u05e8\u05d5\u05e9\u05dc\u05d9\u05dd \u05d1\u05d9\u05e9\u05e8\u05d0\u05dc, \u05db\u05ea\u05d1: &quot;\u05e0\u05e8\u05d0\u05d4 \u05e1\u05e4\u05e7 \u05e8\u05d1\u2026 \u05e9\u05d4\u05ea\u05d5\u05e8\u05d4 \u05ea\u05d0\u05e9\u05e8 \u05d7\u05e7\u05dc\u05d0\u05d5\u05ea \u05ea\u05e2\u05e9\u05d9\u05d9\u05ea\u05d9\u05ea, \u05d4\u05de\u05ea\u05d9\u05d9\u05d7\u05e1\u05ea \u05dc\u05d1\u05e2\u05dc\u05d9 \u05d7\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd \u05db\u05de\u05db\u05d5\u05e0\u05d5\u05ea, \u05e2\u05dd \u05d7\u05d5\u05e1\u05e8 \u05e8\u05d2\u05d9\u05e9\u05d5\u05ea \u05dc\u05db\u05d0\u05d5\u05e8\u05d4 \u05dc\u05e6\u05e8\u05db\u05d9\u05d4\u05dd \u05d4\u05d8\u05d1\u05e2\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd \u05d5\u05dc\u05d0\u05d9\u05e0\u05e1\u05d8\u05d9\u05e0\u05e7\u05d8\u05d9\u05dd \u05e9\u05dc\u05d4\u05dd. \u05d6\u05d4\u05d5 \u05e2\u05e0\u05d9\u05d9\u05df \u05dc\u05d4\u05db\u05e8\u05e2\u05d4 \u05e9\u05dc \u05e4\u05d5\u05e1\u05e7\u05d9 \u05d4\u05d4\u05dc\u05db\u05d4.&quot;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u05d1\u05d0\u05e9\u05e8 \u05dc\u05d8\u05d9\u05e4\u05d5\u05dc \u05d5\u05dc\u05e9\u05d7\u05d9\u05d8\u05ea \u05d1\u05e2\u05dc\u05d9 \u05d7\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd, \u05d3&quot;\u05e8 \u05d8\u05de\u05e4\u05dc \u05d2\u05e8\u05e0\u05d3\u05d9\u05df \u05de\u05d0\u05d5\u05e0\u05d9\u05d1\u05e8\u05e1\u05d9\u05d8\u05ea \u05e7\u05d5\u05dc\u05d5\u05e8\u05d3\u05d5 \u05e1\u05d8\u05d9\u05d9\u05d8 \u05d1\u05e4\u05e8\u05d8 \u05d4\u05d9\u05d4 \u05d7\u05dc\u05d5\u05e5 \u05d1\u05de\u05d0\u05de\u05e6\u05d9\u05dd \u05dc\u05e9\u05d9\u05e4\u05d5\u05e8 \u05ea\u05e0\u05d0\u05d9 \u05e8\u05d5\u05d5\u05d7\u05ea \u05d1\u05e2\u05dc\u05d9 \u05d4\u05d7\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd. \u05d3&quot;\u05e8 \u05d2\u05e8\u05e0\u05d3\u05d9\u05df \u05d9\u05e6\u05e8 \u05e1\u05d8 \u05e9\u05dc \u05e1\u05d8\u05e0\u05d3\u05e8\u05d8\u05d9\u05dd \u05d4\u05d5\u05de\u05e0\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd \u05d1\u05d7\u05e1\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05de\u05db\u05d5\u05df \u05d4\u05d0\u05de\u05e8\u05d9\u05e7\u05d0\u05d9 \u05dc\u05d1\u05e9\u05e8 (AMI). \u05e8\u05d1\u05d9\u05dd \u05de\u05d4\u05e1\u05d8\u05e0\u05d3\u05e8\u05d8\u05d9\u05dd \u05d4\u05dc\u05dc\u05d5 \u05d0\u05d5\u05de\u05e6\u05d5 \u05e2\u05dc \u05d9\u05d3\u05d9 \u05d1\u05ea\u05d9 \u05de\u05d8\u05d1\u05d7\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd \u05d1\u05d0\u05e8\u05d4&quot;\u05d1, \u05d0\u05da \u05d4\u05dd \u05d0\u05d9\u05e0\u05dd \u05e0\u05d3\u05e8\u05e9\u05d9\u05dd \u05e2\u05dc \u05e4\u05d9 \u05d7\u05d5\u05e7.xxvi<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u05dc\u05de\u05e0\u05d4\u05d2\u05d9\u05dd \u05dc\u05d0 \u05d0\u05e0\u05d5\u05e9\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd \u05d9\u05e9 \u05e2\u05d1\u05e8 \u05d0\u05e8\u05d5\u05da \u05d5\u05d0\u05e4\u05dc \u05d1\u05ea\u05e2\u05e9\u05d9\u05d9\u05ea \u05d4\u05de\u05d6\u05d5\u05df \u05d4\u05d0\u05de\u05e8\u05d9\u05e7\u05d0\u05d9\u05ea, \u05d5\u05d0\u05d9 \u05d0\u05e4\u05e9\u05e8 \u05dc\u05d4\u05d0\u05e9\u05d9\u05dd \u05d0\u05ea \u05d4\u05e7\u05d4\u05d9\u05dc\u05d4 \u05d4\u05d9\u05d4\u05d5\u05d3\u05d9\u05ea \u05d1\u05d4\u05df. \u05e2\u05dd \u05d6\u05d0\u05ea, \u05dc\u05d0\u05d5\u05e8 \u05d7\u05e9\u05d9\u05d1\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05d8\u05d9\u05e4\u05d5\u05dc \u05d4\u05e8\u05d0\u05d5\u05d9 \u05d1\u05d1\u05e2\u05dc\u05d9 \u05d7\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd \u05d1\u05d4\u05dc\u05db\u05d4 \u05d5\u05d1\u05de\u05e1\u05d5\u05e8\u05ea \u05d4\u05d9\u05d4\u05d5\u05d3\u05d9\u05ea, \u05d0\u05e1\u05d5\u05e8 \u05dc\u05e0\u05d5 \u05dc\u05d4\u05e1\u05db\u05d9\u05dd \u05d1\u05d0\u05d5\u05e4\u05df \u05de\u05e8\u05d5\u05de\u05d6 \u05dc\u05de\u05e0\u05d4\u05d2\u05d9\u05dd \u05db\u05d0\u05dc\u05d4 \u05e2\u05dc \u05d9\u05d3\u05d9 \u05e0\u05d9\u05e6\u05d5\u05dc\u05dd \u05dc\u05dc\u05d0 \u05de\u05d7\u05d0\u05d4, \u05ea\u05d5\u05da \u05d8\u05e2\u05e0\u05d4 \u05e9\u05dc\u05d0 \u05d4\u05e4\u05e8\u05e0\u05d5 \u05d9\u05e9\u05d9\u05e8\u05d5\u05ea \u05d0\u05ea \u05d7\u05d5\u05e7\u05d9 \u05e6\u05e2\u05e8 \u05d1\u05e2\u05dc\u05d9 \u05d7\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd. \u05e7\u05d1\u05d9\u05e2\u05ea \u05e1\u05d8\u05e0\u05d3\u05e8\u05d8\u05d9\u05dd \u05d0\u05e0\u05d5\u05e9\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd \u05d2\u05d1\u05d5\u05d4\u05d9\u05dd \u05d9\u05d5\u05ea\u05e8 \u05d1\u05d7\u05d1\u05e8\u05d4 \u05e9\u05dc\u05e0\u05d5 \u05db\u05d5\u05dc\u05d4 \u05d4\u05d9\u05d0 \u05de\u05e9\u05d9\u05de\u05d4 \u05de\u05d5\u05e1\u05e8\u05d9\u05ea \u05e9\u05e2\u05dc\u05d9\u05e0\u05d5, \u05db\u05de\u05e9\u05ea\u05ea\u05e4\u05d9\u05dd \u05de\u05e8\u05e6\u05d5\u05df \u05d1\u05de\u05e2\u05e8\u05db\u05ea, \u05dc\u05e7\u05d7\u05ea \u05d0\u05d7\u05e8\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea \u05e2\u05dc\u05d9\u05d4. \u05d1\u05e2\u05d5\u05d3 \u05e9\u05d4\u05e0\u05d5\u05e9\u05d0 \u05d4\u05e4\u05d5\u05dc\u05d9\u05d8\u05d9 \u05e9\u05dc &quot;\u05e8\u05d5\u05d5\u05d7\u05ea \u05d1\u05e2\u05dc\u05d9 \u05d7\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd&quot; \u05e2\u05e9\u05d5\u05d9 \u05dc\u05d4\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea \u05d7\u05d3\u05e9 \u05dc\u05d9\u05d4\u05d5\u05d3\u05d9\u05dd \u05e8\u05d1\u05d9\u05dd, \u05d4\u05d3\u05d0\u05d2\u05d4 \u05e9\u05dc\u05e0\u05d5 \u05dc\u05d2\u05d1\u05d9 \u05d8\u05d9\u05e4\u05d5\u05dc \u05d4\u05e8\u05d0\u05d5\u05d9 \u05d1\u05d1\u05e2\u05dc\u05d9 \u05d7\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd \u05de\u05ea\u05d1\u05e7\u05e9\u05ea \u05d1\u05d1\u05d9\u05e8\u05d5\u05e8 \u05e2\u05dc \u05d9\u05d3\u05d9 \u05e2\u05e8\u05db\u05d9\u05dd \u05d9\u05d4\u05d5\u05d3\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd \u05de\u05e1\u05d5\u05e8\u05ea\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd. \u05d1\u05e9\u05e0\u05d9\u05dd \u05d4\u05d0\u05d7\u05e8\u05d5\u05e0\u05d5\u05ea \u05e6\u05e6\u05d5 \u05de\u05e4\u05e2\u05dc\u05d9 \u05d1\u05e9\u05e8 \u05db\u05e9\u05e8 \u05d1\u05e0\u05d9 \u05e7\u05d9\u05d9\u05de\u05d0 \u05d9\u05d5\u05ea\u05e8. \u05e9\u05ea\u05d9 \u05d3\u05d5\u05d2\u05de\u05d0\u05d5\u05ea, KOL Foods \u05d5-Grow and Behold Foods \u05de\u05e6\u05d9\u05e2\u05d5\u05ea \u05d1\u05e9\u05e8 \u05db\u05e9\u05e8 \u05d2\u05dc\u05d0\u05d8-\u05db\u05e9\u05e8 \u05e9\u05d0\u05d9\u05e0\u05d5 \u05d1\u05db\u05dc\u05d5\u05d1, \u05e9\u05e0\u05d9\u05d6\u05d5\u05df \u05de\u05e2\u05e9\u05d1, \u05dc\u05dc\u05d0 \u05d0\u05e0\u05d8\u05d9\u05d1\u05d9\u05d5\u05d8\u05d9\u05e7\u05d4. \u05d1\u05e2\u05dc\u05d9 \u05d4\u05d7\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd \u05d2\u05d3\u05dc\u05d9\u05dd \u05d1\u05de\u05e8\u05e2\u05d4 \u05e4\u05ea\u05d5\u05d7 \u05d1\u05d7\u05d5\u05d5\u05ea \u05de\u05e9\u05e4\u05d7\u05ea\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea \u05e7\u05d8\u05e0\u05d5\u05ea \u05d5\u05dc\u05d0\u05d7\u05e8 \u05de\u05db\u05df \u05e0\u05e9\u05d7\u05d8\u05d9\u05dd \u05ea\u05d7\u05ea \u05e4\u05d9\u05e7\u05d5\u05d7 \u05d4\u05d0\u05d9\u05d7\u05d5\u05d3 \u05d4\u05d0\u05d5\u05e8\u05ea\u05d5\u05d3\u05d5\u05e7\u05e1\u05d9 \u05d0\u05d5 Star-K; \u05d9\u05e9\u05e0\u05df \u05d2\u05dd \u05d7\u05d1\u05e8\u05d5\u05ea \u05db\u05e9\u05e8\u05d5\u05ea \u05d0\u05d7\u05e8\u05d5\u05ea \u05db\u05d0\u05dc\u05d4.xxvii<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u05d9\u05d5\u05d6\u05de\u05d5\u05ea \u05de\u05e7\u05d5\u05de\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea \u05d0\u05dc\u05d4 \u05e4\u05d5\u05e2\u05dc\u05d5\u05ea \u05de\u05ea\u05d5\u05da \u05de\u05d8\u05e8\u05d4 \u05dc\u05e9\u05de\u05e8 \u05d0\u05ea \u05e2\u05e8\u05db\u05d9 \u05e6\u05e2\u05e8 \u05d1\u05e2\u05dc\u05d9 \u05d7\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd. \u05e2\u05dd \u05d6\u05d0\u05ea, \u05d9\u05e9 \u05dc\u05d4\u05d5\u05d3\u05d5\u05ea \u05db\u05d9 \u05d4\u05e2\u05dc\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05e0\u05d5\u05e1\u05e4\u05ea \u05e9\u05dc \u05d1\u05e9\u05e8 \u05db\u05d6\u05d4 \u05de\u05d2\u05d1\u05d9\u05dc\u05d4 \u05d0\u05ea \u05d4\u05e9\u05d5\u05e7 \u05dc\u05e0\u05d9\u05e9\u05d4 \u05d4\u05de\u05d9\u05d5\u05d7\u05d3\u05ea \u05e9\u05d9\u05db\u05d5\u05dc\u05d4 \u05dc\u05d4\u05e8\u05e9\u05d5\u05ea \u05d6\u05d0\u05ea \u05dc\u05e2\u05e6\u05de\u05d4 &#8211; \u05de\u05d4 \u05e9\u05de\u05e9\u05d0\u05d9\u05e8 \u05d1\u05d7\u05d5\u05e5 \u05de\u05e9\u05e4\u05d7\u05d5\u05ea \u05e8\u05d1\u05d5\u05ea &#8211; \u05d0\u05d5 \u05dc\u05d0\u05dc\u05d5 \u05e9\u05de\u05d5\u05db\u05e0\u05d9\u05dd \u05dc\u05d4\u05e4\u05d7\u05d9\u05ea \u05de\u05e9\u05de\u05e2\u05d5\u05ea\u05d9\u05ea \u05d0\u05ea \u05e6\u05e8\u05d9\u05db\u05ea \u05d4\u05d1\u05e9\u05e8 \u05e9\u05dc\u05d4\u05dd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u05d7\u05de\u05dc\u05d4 \u05db\u05dc\u05e4\u05d9 \u05d1\u05e2\u05dc\u05d9 \u05d7\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd \u05d1\u05ea\u05d7\u05d5\u05de\u05d9\u05dd \u05d0\u05d7\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u05d4\u05ea\u05d5\u05e8\u05d4 \u05d3\u05d5\u05d2\u05dc\u05ea \u05d1\u05e8\u05d2\u05d9\u05e9\u05d5\u05ea \u05dc\u05e8\u05d2\u05e9\u05d5\u05ea\u05d9\u05d4\u05dd \u05e9\u05dc \u05d1\u05e2\u05dc\u05d9 \u05d7\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd \u05de\u05e2\u05d1\u05e8 \u05dc\u05de\u05d5\u05ea\u05e8 \u05de\u05e2\u05e9\u05d9\u05dd \u05e9\u05e2\u05dc\u05d5\u05dc\u05d9\u05dd \u05dc\u05d2\u05e8\u05d5\u05dd \u05dc\u05d4\u05dd \u05db\u05d0\u05d1. \u05d3\u05d5\u05d2\u05de\u05d4 \u05d9\u05d3\u05d5\u05e2\u05d4 \u05dc\u05db\u05da \u05e7\u05e9\u05d5\u05e8\u05d4 \u05dc\u05e8\u05d1\u05d9 \u05d9\u05d4\u05d5\u05d3\u05d4 \u05d4\u05e0\u05e9\u05d9\u05d0, \u05d7\u05db\u05dd \u05d1\u05df \u05d4\u05de\u05d0\u05d4 \u05d4\u05e9\u05e0\u05d9\u05d9\u05d4 \u05e9\u05e2\u05e8\u05da \u05d0\u05ea \u05d4\u05de\u05e9\u05e0\u05d4. \u05d4\u05ea\u05dc\u05de\u05d5\u05d3 \u05de\u05e1\u05e4\u05e8 \u05db\u05d9\u05e6\u05d3 \u05e8\u05d1\u05d9 \u05d9\u05d4\u05d5\u05d3\u05d4 \u05e0\u05e2\u05e0\u05e9 \u05d1\u05d9\u05d3\u05d9 \u05e9\u05de\u05d9\u05dd \u05e2\u05dc \u05e9\u05d3\u05d9\u05d1\u05e8 \u05d1\u05d0\u05d3\u05d9\u05e9\u05d5\u05ea \u05dc\u05e2\u05d2\u05dc \u05de\u05e4\u05d5\u05d7\u05d3 \u05e9\u05d7\u05d9\u05e4\u05e9 \u05de\u05e7\u05dc\u05d8 \u05dc\u05e8\u05d2\u05dc\u05d9\u05d5 \u05d1\u05d6\u05de\u05df \u05e9\u05e0\u05dc\u05e7\u05d7 \u05dc\u05e9\u05d7\u05d9\u05d8\u05d4.xxviii \u05d4\u05e4\u05e8\u05e9\u05e0\u05d5\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05e9\u05d5\u05e0\u05d5\u05ea \u05de\u05d8\u05d9\u05dc\u05d5\u05ea \u05e1\u05e4\u05e7 \u05d1\u05d8\u05d1\u05e2 \u05de\u05e2\u05e9\u05d9\u05d5 \u05d4\u05d7\u05de\u05d5\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd \u05e9\u05dc \u05e8\u05d1\u05d9 \u05d9\u05d4\u05d5\u05d3\u05d4; \u05d0\u05d7\u05e8\u05d9 \u05d4\u05db\u05dc, \u05d4\u05d5\u05d0 \u05dc\u05d0 \u05e4\u05d2\u05e2 \u05d1\u05e2\u05d2\u05dc, \u05d5\u05d2\u05dd \u05dc\u05d0 \u05d3\u05d9\u05d1\u05e8 \u05e9\u05e7\u05e8. \u05d4\u05e1\u05d1\u05e8 \u05d0\u05d7\u05d3 \u05d4\u05d5\u05d0 \u05e9\u05d0\u05d3\u05dd \u05d1\u05de\u05e2\u05de\u05d3\u05d5 \u05d4\u05e8\u05d5\u05d7\u05e0\u05d9 \u05e9\u05dc \u05e8\u05d1\u05d9 \u05d9\u05d4\u05d5\u05d3\u05d4 \u05d4\u05d9\u05d4 \u05e6\u05e8\u05d9\u05da \u05dc\u05d2\u05dc\u05d5\u05ea \u05d7\u05de\u05dc\u05d4 \u05d2\u05d3\u05d5\u05dc\u05d4 \u05d9\u05d5\u05ea\u05e8, \u05de\u05e2\u05d1\u05e8 \u05dc\u05d0\u05d5\u05ea\u05d4 \u05ea\u05d5\u05e8\u05d4.xxix<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u05d1\u05d4\u05ea\u05d0\u05dd \u05dc\u05e2\u05d9\u05e7\u05e8\u05d5\u05df \u05d6\u05d4, \u05e8\u05d1\u05d9\u05dd \u05de\u05d2\u05d3\u05d5\u05dc\u05d9 \u05d7\u05db\u05de\u05d9\u05e0\u05d5 \u05d2\u05d9\u05dc\u05d5 \u05d7\u05e8\u05d9\u05e6\u05d5\u05ea \u05d1\u05d4\u05e6\u05dc\u05ea \u05d1\u05e2\u05dc\u05d9 \u05d7\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd \u05de\u05de\u05e6\u05d5\u05e7\u05d4, \u05d2\u05dd \u05db\u05d0\u05e9\u05e8 \u05dc\u05d0 \u05e0\u05d0\u05dc\u05e6\u05d5 \u05dc\u05e2\u05e9\u05d5\u05ea \u05d6\u05d0\u05ea \u05e2\u05dc \u05e4\u05d9 \u05d4\u05d4\u05dc\u05db\u05d4. \u05e8\u05d1\u05d9 \u05d9\u05e9\u05e8\u05d0\u05dc \u05e1\u05dc\u05e0\u05d8\u05e8 (1810-1883), \u05de\u05d9\u05d9\u05e1\u05d3 \u05ea\u05e0\u05d5\u05e2\u05ea \u05d4\u05de\u05d5\u05e1\u05e8 \u05d4\u05de\u05d5\u05d3\u05e8\u05e0\u05d9\u05ea, \u05d1\u05d9\u05dc\u05d4 \u05e4\u05e2\u05dd \u05d0\u05ea \u05de\u05d5\u05e6\u05d0\u05d9 \u05d9\u05d5\u05dd \u05d4\u05db\u05d9\u05e4\u05d5\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd, \u05d4\u05d9\u05d5\u05dd \u05d4\u05e7\u05d3\u05d5\u05e9 \u05d1\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea\u05e8 \u05d1\u05e9\u05e0\u05d4, \u05d1\u05d4\u05e6\u05dc\u05ea \u05e2\u05d2\u05dc \u05d0\u05d1\u05d5\u05d3 \u05d4\u05e9\u05d9\u05d9\u05da \u05dc\u05e9\u05db\u05df \u05e0\u05d5\u05e6\u05e8\u05d9, \u05d1\u05e2\u05d5\u05d3 \u05e7\u05d4\u05d9\u05dc\u05ea\u05d5 \u05d4\u05de\u05ea\u05d9\u05e0\u05d4 \u05dc\u05d5 \u05de\u05d1\u05dc\u05d9 \u05d3\u05e2\u05ea. \u05d4\u05e0\u05e2\u05e8\u05e5 \u05d4\u05e8\u05d1 \u05d0\u05dc\u05d9\u05d4\u05d5 \u05dc\u05d5\u05e4\u05d9\u05d0\u05df (1876-1970) \u05d8\u05d9\u05e4\u05dc \u05d1\u05d0\u05d5\u05e4\u05df \u05d0\u05d9\u05e9\u05d9 \u05d1\u05d7\u05ea\u05d5\u05dc \u05e8\u05d7\u05d5\u05d1 \u05e9\u05d7\u05d9\u05e4\u05e9 \u05de\u05e7\u05dc\u05d8 \u05d1\u05d9\u05e9\u05d9\u05d1\u05ea\u05d5. \u05d1\u05e0\u05e2\u05d5\u05e8\u05d9\u05d5, \u05d4\u05d7\u05d6\u05d5\u05df \u05d0\u05d9\u05e9 (\u05e8\u05d1\u05d9 \u05d0\u05d1\u05e8\u05d4\u05dd \u05d9\u05e9\u05e2\u05d9\u05d4 \u05e7\u05e8\u05dc\u05d9\u05e5, 1878-1953) \u05d9\u05e8\u05d3 \u05dc\u05d1\u05d5\u05e8 \u05e2\u05de\u05d5\u05e7 \u05db\u05d3\u05d9 \u05dc\u05d4\u05e6\u05d9\u05dc \u05d1\u05e2\u05dc \u05d7\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd \u05de\u05de\u05d9\u05df \u05dc\u05d0 \u05db\u05e9\u05e8. \u05e7\u05e8\u05d9\u05d0\u05d4 \u05d6\u05d5 \u05dc\u05e8\u05d2\u05d9\u05e9\u05d5\u05ea \u05de\u05d5\u05e1\u05e8\u05d9\u05ea \u05d2\u05d1\u05d5\u05d4\u05d4 \u05d9\u05d5\u05ea\u05e8 \u05d0\u05d9\u05e0\u05d4 \u05de\u05d5\u05e4\u05e0\u05d9\u05ea \u05e8\u05e7 \u05dc\u05e6\u05d3\u05d9\u05e7\u05d9\u05dd \u05d2\u05d3\u05d5\u05dc\u05d9\u05dd \u05db\u05de\u05d5 \u05e8\u05d1\u05d9 \u05d9\u05d4\u05d5\u05d3\u05d4 \u05d4\u05e0\u05e9\u05d9\u05d0; \u05d4\u05d9\u05d0 \u05e8\u05dc\u05d5\u05d5\u05e0\u05d8\u05d9\u05ea \u05dc\u05db\u05d5\u05dc\u05dd. \u05d3\u05d5\u05d2\u05de\u05d4 \u05d0\u05d7\u05ea \u05dc\u05e8\u05dc\u05d5\u05d5\u05e0\u05d8\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05e0\u05e8\u05d7\u05d1\u05ea \u05e9\u05dc \u05d4\u05ea\u05e0\u05d4\u05d2\u05d5\u05ea \u05db\u05d6\u05d5 \u05de\u05e6\u05d5\u05d8\u05d8\u05ea \u05e2\u05dc \u05d9\u05d3\u05d9 \u05d4\u05e8\u05de&quot;\u05d0 (\u05e8\u05d1\u05d9 \u05de\u05e9\u05d4 \u05d0\u05d9\u05e1\u05e8\u05dc\u05d9\u05e9, 1530-1572) \u05d1\u05d4\u05d2\u05d4\u05d5\u05ea\u05d9\u05d5 \u05d4\u05e1\u05de\u05db\u05d5\u05ea\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea \u05e2\u05dc \u05d4\u05e9\u05d5\u05dc\u05d7\u05df \u05e2\u05e8\u05d5\u05da. &quot;\u05d4\u05d4\u05dc\u05db\u05d4 \u05de\u05ea\u05d9\u05e8\u05d4 \u05dc\u05d0\u05d3\u05dd \u05dc\u05de\u05e8\u05d5\u05d8 \u05e0\u05d5\u05e6\u05d5\u05ea \u05de\u05d0\u05d5\u05d5\u05d6\u05d4 \u05d7\u05d9\u05d4, \u05d0\u05da \u05d0\u05e0\u05e9\u05d9\u05dd \u05e0\u05de\u05e0\u05e2\u05d9\u05dd \u05de\u05db\u05da \u05de\u05e9\u05d5\u05dd \u05e9\u05d6\u05d4\u05d5 \u05de\u05e2\u05e9\u05d4 \u05d0\u05db\u05d6\u05e8\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea.&quot;xxx 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\u05e6\u05d5\u05e8\u05da \u05d0\u05e0\u05d5\u05e9\u05d9 \u05de\u05e4\u05d5\u05e7\u05e4\u05e7. \u05de\u05e1\u05e4\u05e8 \u05d3\u05d5\u05d2\u05de\u05d0\u05d5\u05ea \u05db\u05d5\u05dc\u05dc\u05d5\u05ea \u05e0\u05d9\u05e1\u05d5\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd \u05d1\u05d1\u05e2\u05dc\u05d9 \u05d7\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd \u05dc\u05e7\u05d5\u05e1\u05de\u05d8\u05d9\u05e7\u05d4 \u05d0\u05d5 \u05de\u05d5\u05e6\u05e8\u05d9 \u05d9\u05d5\u05e7\u05e8\u05d4;xxxi \u05d4\u05d0\u05db\u05dc\u05d4 \u05d1\u05db\u05e4\u05d9\u05d9\u05d4 \u05e9\u05dc \u05d0\u05d5\u05d5\u05d6\u05d9\u05dd \u05dc\u05d9\u05d9\u05e6\u05d5\u05e8 \u05e4\u05d5\u05d0\u05d4 \u05d2\u05e8\u05d0;xxxii \u05d2\u05d9\u05d3\u05d5\u05dc \u05e2\u05d2\u05dc\u05d9\u05dd \u05dc\u05d1\u05e9\u05e8 \u05e2\u05d2\u05dc \u05dc\u05d1\u05df;xxxiii \u05d5\u05e9\u05d9\u05d8\u05d5\u05ea \u05e0\u05e4\u05d5\u05e6\u05d5\u05ea \u05d1\u05ea\u05e2\u05e9\u05d9\u05d9\u05ea \u05d4\u05e4\u05e8\u05d5\u05d5\u05ea.xxxiv \u05e0\u05d0\u05de\u05e8 \u05dc\u05d9 \u05e9\u05d9\u05e9 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Deuteronomy 11:22.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em>Tomer Devorah<\/em>, ch. 2.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em>Mesillas Yesharim<\/em>, ch. 19.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em>Shemos Rabbah <\/em>2:2.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em>Nesivos Olam<\/em>,<em> Ahavas Re\u2019i<\/em>, 1.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em>She\u2019arim Metzuyanim B\u2019Halakhah, Issur Tza\u2019ar Baalei Chaim, <\/em>191, cites the view of<em> Teshuvos Harashba<\/em>, nos. 252 and 257, that the prohibition of <em>tza\u2019ar baalei chaim<\/em> applies to humans as well as animals. <em>Teshuvos Chavas Yair,<\/em> 191, rejects this opinion.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The Gemara (the portion of the Talmud that presents the debates and traditions of the sages) considers the nuances of the text: Does the term \u201clying\u201d indicate a temporary condition, excluding an animal that habitually lies down under its burden? Does \u201clying\u201d exclude an animal that is standing? The Gemara reasons that such possible distinctions only apply if the prohibition is a rabbinic enactment, which would entail a lesser degree of stringency; if the prohibition is Scriptural, there are no exclusions.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Some authorities understand Maimonides\u2019 position in <em>Hilchos Rotze\u2019ach<\/em> 13:9 as following the view that the prohibition is rabbinic. They include: <em>P\u2019nei Yehoshua, Bava Metzia<\/em> 32b; <em>Hagahos HaGra al HaRosh, Bava<\/em> <em>Metzia,<\/em> 2, see 29;<em> Biur HaGra, Choshen Mishpat <\/em>272:11; also see<em> Minchas Chinnuch, <\/em>80. The Chasam Sofer advances the opinion that, although causing pain to an animal is scripturally forbidden, the obligation to rescue an animal in distress applies only to one\u2019s own animals; see <em>Teshuvos Chasam Sofer,<\/em> <em>Yoreh De\u2019ah, <\/em>nos. 314, 318, and<em> Choshen Mishpat, <\/em>no. 185. This appears to be consistent with the view of Maharam Schick on the <em>Taryag Mitzvos, Mitzvah<\/em> 80. Authorities who do not make such a distinction include:\u00a0<em>Noda B\u2019Yehudah, Mahadurah Kama, Yoreh De\u2019ah, <\/em>nos. 81-83;<em> Shulchan Aruch HaRav, <\/em>Vol. 6,<em> Tza\u2019ar Baalei Chaim, <\/em>4; <em>Kitzur Shulchan Aruch, 191:1; Drach Maysharim,<\/em> 15:1; et al. The Netziv in <em>Ha\u2019amek Davar,<\/em> Deuteronomy 22, maintains that one is not obligated by Torah law but is required to intervene by rabbinic decree. In <em>Eishel<\/em> <em>Avraham: Tinyana, Yoreh De\u2019ah <\/em>305:20, R. Avraham of Butchatch argues that the relief of<em> tza\u2019ar baalei chaim <\/em>directly or indirectly caused by a human being is incumbent upon any Jew capable of intervening by scriptural law. For further discussion see R. Yitzchak Nachman Eshkoli, <em>Tza\u2019ar Baalei Chaim<\/em> (2002), chap. 11.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Maimonides, <em>Mishneh Torah, Hilchos Rotze\u2019ach<\/em> 13:9, according to <em>Kesef Mishneh<\/em>, ad locum. This is supported by <em>Mishneh Torah, Hilchos Shabbos<\/em> 25:26 and Maimonides\u2019 Commentary on the Mishnah, <em>Beitzah<\/em> 3:4. Most authorities agree that <em>tza\u2019ar baalei chaim<\/em> is scripturally prohibited, including the Rif on <em>Shabbos<\/em> 128b; <em>Sefer<\/em> <em>HaChinnuch <\/em>450, 451; Rosh on<em> Bava Metzia <\/em>2:29 and<em> Shabbos <\/em>3:18;<em> Nimmukei Yosef, Bava Metzia <\/em>32b; Me\u2019iri,<em> Bava Metzia <\/em>32b;<em> Shitah Mekubetzes, Bava Metzia <\/em>33a;<em> Sefer Yere\u2019im<\/em>, 267;<em> Sefer Chassidim, <\/em>666; Rama,<em> Choshen Mishpat <\/em>272:9;<em> Levush, Orach Chaim <\/em>305:18; and<em> Magen Avraham, Orach Chaim <\/em>305:11. These sources are listed in R. J. David Bleich\u2019s essay \u201cVegetarianism and Judaism,\u201d <em>Contemporary Halakhic Problems<\/em>, Vol. III. R. Bleich\u2019s extensive research was extremely helpful to me in annotating Chapters 3 and 6 of my source book, \u201c<em>The Vision of Eden: Animal Welfare and Vegetarianism in Jewish Law and Mysticism<\/em>\u201d (Orot 2003), of which the present essay is an excerpt with revisions.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>See Rashi on <em>Shabbos<\/em> 128b, according to the view that halachos may be derived from reasons explicitly stated in the Torah. Also note Rabad as quoted in <em>Shitah Mekubetzes, Bava Metzia<\/em>, 32b; <em>Levush<\/em> on <em>Orach Chaim<\/em> 305:18.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Specifically, a Jew may violate rabbinic prohibitions for the sake of relieving the pain of an animal, and a non-Jew may be requested to intervene where Scriptural prohibitions apply; see\u00a0<em>Ritva,\u00a0 Bava Metzia <\/em>32b;<em> Rosh, Bava Metzia <\/em>2:29 and<em>\u00a0 Shabbos\u00a0 <\/em>18:3;<em> Magen Avraham, Orach Chaim <\/em>305:11;\u00a0<em>Korban Nesanel, Shabbos <\/em>18:3. If indirect intervention fails or is not possible,<em> Shiltei HaGibborim <\/em>on the<em> Rif, Shabbos <\/em>51a, note 3, permits one to assist the animal directly.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Which Scriptural verse or verses therefore comes to establish these laws? Rashi (R. Shlomo Yitzchaki, 1040-1105) in his commentary to <em>Shabbos<\/em> cites the verse that describes an animal collapsing under its burden: \u201cAnd you shall surely release it with him\u201d (Exodus 23:5). Since the prohibition of <em>tza\u2019ar baalei chaim<\/em> is only implied but not openly stated here, other Rishonim (medieval authorities) seek its basis elsewhere. Both Maimonides (<em>Guide of<\/em> <em>the Perplexed <\/em>3:17)<em>. <\/em>and Rabbi Yehudah HeChassid (1150-1217 CE,<em> Sefer Chassidim, <\/em>666) derive it from the Torah\u2019s censure of Balaam the Midianite for angrily striking his donkey. The anonymous author of <em>Sefer<\/em> <em>HaChinnuch <\/em>(13th century) relates it to the prohibition not to take the limb of a living animal (Mitzvah 452, this being one of the Seven Laws of Noah). The same author also invokes the prohibition of <em>tza\u2019ar baalei chaim<\/em> in discussing the negative commandment of plowing with two different species of animals yoked together (Mitzvah 550). Rabbi Menachem Meiri of Perpignan (<em>Beis HaBechirah<\/em> on <em>Bava Metzia<\/em> 32b) relates it to the law of not muzzling an ox while it is treading grain.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>However, there are mitigating factors. According to <em>Nimmukei Yosef<\/em> citing Rabbenu Nissim on <em>Bava Metzia<\/em> 32b, a Torah scholar, elderly person, or one who holds a communal position of honor, is exempt from the obligation to intervene. Also, the prohibition of <em>tza\u2019ar baalei chaim<\/em> may be contravened to serve a legitimate human need, as stated by Ramban on <em>Avodah Zarah<\/em> 13b; also cf. <em>Tosefos<\/em> and <em>Nimmukei Yosef<\/em> on <em>Avodah Zarah<\/em> lla and <em>Bava Metzia<\/em> This is the <em>halakhah;<\/em> see Rama on <em>Shulchan Aruch, Yoreh De\u2019ah<\/em> 24:8 and <em>Even HaEzer<\/em> 5:14; <em>Shach<\/em> on <em>Yoreh<\/em> <em>De\u2019ah <\/em>24:8; et al.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The best-known proponent of this idea is Peter Singer, author of <em>Animal Liberation<\/em> (New York, 1975) and with Jim Mason, <em>Animal Factories<\/em> (New York, 1990). Although in Western philosophy it is difficult to find a precedent for such a thorough-going moral equivalence of the species, it may exist among certain Eastern religious sects; ct. Schochet, <em>Animal Life in Jewish Tradition,<\/em> chap. 14. However, the \u201ctheology\u201d of animal rights is not an import from the Far East; it is a consequence of materialist philosophy, and Darwinian theory in particular. If the existence of God and the divine intention in creation are denied, good and evil must be seen as human constructs that vary according to each individual or group. (Indeed, from this standpoint, the moral impulse itself may be understood as a form of self-aggrandizement.) If contrary to Torah thought, man is not the central figure in creation, there can be no fundamental difference between humans and animals. Therefore, the quasi-religious fervor of some animal rights advocates may be an expression of this materialist \u201carticle of faith\u201d; see Joshua Berman, <em>The Temple: Its Symbolism<\/em> <em>and Meaning, Then and Now <\/em>(Jason Aronson, 1995), pp. 148-154.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>This issue is discussed at greater length in \u201cJudaism and Vegetarianism,\u201d Chapter VI, <em>A Vision of Eden: Animal<\/em> <em>Welfare and Vegetatianism in Jewish Law and Mysticism <\/em>(op cit.).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em>Galya Raza,<\/em> 209-210, cites a Kabbalistic tradition that the souls of animals protest before the Divine Throne against Jews and Gentiles alike for having slaughtered them improperly, unnecessarily, or in a cruel manner; also ct. the pre-Lurianic <em>Serer HaKanah, Mussar L\u2019Morei Hora\u2019os V\u2019Shochtim,<\/em> p. 307.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em>Shulchan Aruch, Yoreh De\u2019ah <\/em>36:14, with<em> Yad Ephraim <\/em>and<em> Pischei Teshuvah<\/em>, both of which explicitly relate this to the prohibition of <em>tza\u2019ar baalei chaim<\/em>; similarly, cf. <em>Aruch Hashulchan, Hilchos Trelfos<\/em> 36:70 (end).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em>Shulchan Aruch, Yoreh De\u2019ah<\/em>, 58.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Bleich (op. cit.) includes among those who exempt the act of slaughter from the prohibition of <em>tza\u2019ar baalei<\/em> <em>chaim: Teshuvos Avodas HaGershuni, <\/em>no. 13;<em> Noda B\u2019Yehudah, <\/em>Vol. I,<em> Yoreh De\u2019ah, <\/em>no. 83; and<em> Seridei Eish, <\/em>Vol. Ill, no. 7. Apparently Tosafos on <em>Sanhedrin<\/em> 80a agrees in stating that withholding food and drink from an animal constitutes <em>tza\u2019ar baalei chaim,<\/em> but killing it by a swift, direct act does not. Dissenting opinions include <em>Shitah<\/em> <em>Mekubetzes <\/em>on<em> Bava Basra <\/em>20a, citing Ri Migash;<em> Teshuvos Sho\u2019el U\u2019Meshiv, Mahadurah Tinyana, <\/em>Ill, no. 65, as well as <em>Sefer HaChinnuch,<\/em> 45l. Later authorities that include putting an animal to death in the category of <em>tza\u2019ar<\/em> <em>baalei chaim <\/em>include the<em> Bach <\/em>on<em> Yoreh De\u2019ah <\/em>116, s.v.<em> mashkin; Sheilas Ya\u2019avetz, <\/em>I, no.<em> 110; Teshuvos Shevus Yaakov, <\/em>Ill, no. 71;<em> Teshuvos Imrei Shefer, <\/em>no. 34; and<em> Ohel Moshe, <\/em>I, no. 32.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em>Tomer Devorah,<\/em> 3. Maimonides offers this rationale in<em> Moreh Nevuchim <\/em>3:26, 48. A mystical reason for<em> shechitah <\/em>is given in<em> Sefer HaTemunah <\/em>III, Os<em> Hey, <\/em>p. 100.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Bleich, op. cit., p. 205, ff. Rabbi Bleich is a Rosh Yeshiva at the Rabbi Isaac Elchanan Theological Seminary of Yeshiva University and rabbi of Congregation B\u2019nei Yehuda.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The objection to <em>shechitah<\/em> is by no means new, having been a common anti-Semitic subterfuge in various times and places. Hundreds of scientific studies have been published on <em>shechitah,<\/em> beginning with Dr. Isaac Dembow\u2019s\u00a0<em>Hachanah L\u2019Shechita (Preparation for Animal Slaughter) <\/em>(1892) and<em> The Jewish Manner of Slaughter <\/em>(1894). Perhaps the most thorough volume on the subject addressed to laymen is <em>Shechitah in the Light of the Year 2000<\/em> by Dr. l.M. Levinger (1995). In Chapter 11, Levinger addresses the question of the animal suffering during <em>shechitah,<\/em> and concludes (p. 75): \u201cWithin 8-10 seconds [after <em>shechitah]<\/em> the centers for maintaining equilibrium lose their regulatory capacity. Corneal reflex disappears in small animals, though in larger animals it takes longer to disappear. Since it is known that the nee-encephalon is more oxygen sensitive than [other sections] of the brain, it may be assumed that the functional ability of the cortex ceases within less than 10 seconds after <em>shechitah.<\/em> Since the animal does not move within 10 seconds, it may be concluded that the animal does not feel pain \u2026\u201d Another study cited by Levinger is <em>An Electroencephelographic Study of the Effect of Shechitah Slaughter on Cortical Function in Ruminants\u00a0<\/em>(1979) by L.l. Nangeroni and P.O. Kennett, Dept. of Physiology, New York State Veterinary College, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY. The latter report states that among the sheep, calves, and goats tested, consciousness was lost 3.3 to 6.9 seconds after the incision. The researchers conclude that under normal circumstances, the act of <em>shechitah<\/em> is painless, or nearly so. Animal scientist Dr. Temple Grandin observed five kosher slaughter plants using upright restraint pens, but with other procedural variables. The shortest time for insensibility was 8 seconds, while the longest was 120 seconds; however, most animals collapsed within 30 seconds at all five plants. See \u201cRitual Slaughter\u201d at www.grandin.com. Although Grandin is generally supportive of kosher slaughter, she points out that not all <em>shechitah<\/em> operations are the same from a humane standpoint.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u201cUnited States Department of Agriculture Livestock Slaughter 2010 Summary,\u201d United States Department of Agriculture National Agricultural Statistics Service, April 2011, online at\u00a0 http:\/\/usda.mannlib.cornell.edu\/usda\/current\/LiveSlauSu\/LiveSlauSu-04-25-2011.pdf Commercial cattle slaughter during totaled 34.2 million cattle, commercial calf slaughter totaled 878,600 calves, commercial hog slaughter totaled 110.3 million hogs commercial sheep and lamb slaughter totaled 2.46 million sheep and lambs. Physicist and researcher Noam Mohr writes: The number of animals slaughtered in the US comprise only part of the total number that die here, as many do not reach the slaughterhouse. Neither do they include animals slaughtered abroad and then shipped to the US, even as they do include those slaughtered here for sale abroad. Nevertheless, they provide a picture of the slaughter industry in this country.<sup>xxiv<\/sup><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>In an email exchange over this point, Dr. Joe Regenstein of Cornell, a veteran food scientist and animal welfare activist long associated with Dr. Temple Grandin, argued that it is possible to meet high-level humane standards with factory farming, and that in fact a number of such farms he has visited have done so. One of the difficulties in researching this subject is the elusiveness of obtain objective and comprehensive knowledge of the facts.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Aryeh Carmell, <em>Masterplan: Judaism It\u2019s Programs, Meanings, Goals<\/em> (1991), p. 69.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>See American Meat Institute (AMI) Recommended Handling and Stunning Guidelines on www.grandin.com<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>More information about KOL Foods can be found at https:\/\/www.kolfoods.com, and about Grow and Behold Foods at http:\/\/www.growandbehold.com. Wise Kosher Natural Poultry offers Cornish game hens, ducks, and turkeys raised on organic feed under humane conditions by Amish and other farmers in Winfield, Penn., and slaughtered on the premises of the David Elliot Poultry Farm, Lake Ariel, Penn. Rabbinic supervision is provided by the Orthodox Union and BaDaTz of Crown Heights; see http:\/\/www.wiseorganicpastures.com\/. Gestetner Kosher Poultry of Monroe, NY, produces organic free-range chickens that are raised without hormone or antibiotic injections. Rabbinic supervision is provided by the Vaad HaKashruth of Monsey, NY. Another family business, Pelleh Poultry of Monsey, NY, in conjunction with Bethel Farms, Bethel, NY, and under the supervision of R. Dovid Miller, serves a small clientele. However, animal activists caution that the term \u201cfree-range\u201d can be misleading. Free-range chickens typically are de-beaked at the hatchery the same as battery-caged hens. In many cases such birds are kept indoors constantly, although the area in which they roam may be more spacious. Given the relative lack of government regulation of this industry, organic free-range poultry sometimes may be more contaminated than the standard product; see www.consumeralert.org\/issues\/food\/organicfood.htm.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em>Bava Metzia<\/em><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Yehudah Leib Zirelson, <em>Ma\u2019archei Lev,<\/em> no. 110. In his essay on \u201cAnimal Experimentation\u201d (see. IV), R. Bleich notes that the Maharsha on <em>Bava Metzia<\/em> 85a and <em>Teshuvos Imrei Shefer,<\/em> no. 34, sec. 10, 12, each propose different explanations for R. Yehudah\u2019s censure, but their conclusions agree with that of <em>Ma\u2019archei Lev.<\/em> This is related to the principle of sanctifying oneself within the realm of the permissible, which varies according to the spiritual level of the individual. As the verse states, \u201cYou shall be holy, for I, the Eternal, Your God, am holy\u201d (Leviticus 19:2). Nachmanides explains that without this call to holiness, \u201cone could become a sordid person within the realm of the permissible\u201d (ad loc.).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Rama on <em>Shulchan Aruch, Even HaEzer<\/em> 5: 14. This ruling, cited in <em>Issur v\u2019Heter<\/em> 59:36, is supported by <em>Tosefos<\/em> on <em>Bava Metzia<\/em> Also cf. <em>Kitzur Shulchan Aruch<\/em> 191:1; <em>Shulchan Aruch Harav<\/em>, <em>Ovrei Derachim V\u2019Tza\u2019ar<\/em> <em>Baalei Chaim,<\/em><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Bleich, ibid. sec. 5, cites <em>Pri Megadim (Mishbetzos Zahav)<\/em> on <em>Orach Chaim<\/em> 468:2, who differentiates between \u201cgreat need\u201d and \u201cminor need\u201d; <em>Teshuvos Sho\u2019el U\u2019Meishiv, Mahadura Tinyana<\/em>, III, no. 65. Also note R. Chaim HaLevi, at the end of the 1992 responsum mentioned in ff. 32 below re. killing animals for their furs and his invocation of the principle of <em>tzorech chiyuni<\/em>, legitimate human need. More recently former Sefardic Chief Rabbi of Israel, R. Ovadia Yosef, forbade animal experiments for cosmetics in a responsum dated 23 Adar 5762 (2002). In a private letter dated 21 Cheshvan 5763\/27.14.02, R. Shear-Yashuv Cohen, Ashkenazic Chief Rabbi of Haifa, informed me that he forbids such experiments and is preparing a formal responsum on this issue.<sup>xxxii<\/sup><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Authorities opposed to this practice include the <em>Bach<\/em> on <em>Yoreh De\u2019ah<\/em> 33:9; <em>Chochmas Adam<\/em> 16:10; <em>Sha\u2019arei<\/em> <em>Tzedek <\/em>on<em> Yoreh De\u2019ah <\/em>33;<em> Divrei Menachem (Divrei Shalom)<\/em>, p. 143, col. 2;<em> Darkei Teshuvah, Yoreh De\u2019ah <\/em>33:131, 142, 143, citing <em>Teshuvos HaTzemach Tzedek<\/em>, no. 17, <em>Nekudas HaKessef<\/em>, et al.; <em>She\u2019ilas Shalom Tinyana,<\/em> no. 154 (end); <em>Tzitz Eliezer<\/em>, Vol. XI, nos. 49, 55 (end), citing the Chida in <em>Machzik Beracha, Yoreh De\u2019ah<\/em> 33:19, and R. Zvi Elimelech Spira of Dinov, et al.; ibid. Vol. XII, no. 52; <em>Teshuvos Har Tzvi<\/em>, no. 26; <em>Shema Shlomo, Yoreh<\/em> <em>De\u2019ah, <\/em>no. 1. The Taz is inclined to permit it if the birds are fed gently. On this basis the Chasam Sofer takes a lenient view in <em>Teshuvos Chasam Sofer<\/em>, Vol. I, no. 25. Nevertheless, I am told that most Chassidim in Hungary before the Holocaust would not eat force-fed geese due to uncertainty as to their <em>kashrus<\/em>. For a comprehensive halakhic perspective, see R. Binyamin Adler, <em>Kashrus U\u2019Treifos B\u2019Ohf,<\/em> chap. 33, sec. 98-129. I have read that more recently R. Yosef Sholom Elyashiv of Jerusalem has taken a lenient position, but I have not obtained his responsum on the issue. It also should be noted that not all growers are the same. Some allow their fowl to roam freely and do not resort to methods of extreme deprivation. For example, see http:\/\/www.hudsonvalleyfoiegras.com\/index.html. However, the same plant has had serious problems of an environmental nature, incurring the wrath of the Humane Society; see http:\/\/www.humanesociety.org\/news\/press_releases\/2010\/05\/HVFG_050610.html <sup>xxxiii<\/sup><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Given the brutality of obtaining seal-furs for women\u2018s coats by beating the animals to death with clubs, the cruelties of trapping, and the sometimes inhumane procedures of fur farms, the late Rav Chaim David HaLevy, Sefardic Chief Rabbi of Tel Aviv, ruled that furs obtained by such means should be boycotted. In a 1992 responsum, Rav HaLevy states: \u201cIf the killing of animals for the obtainment of their furs were accomplished by a quick, easy death, that would be one thing; but in actuality, this is not the case \u2026 The animals are caught in a kind of ring trap that causes them great anguish until they are released and killed and stripped of their furs. This constitutes actual tza\u2019ar baalei chaim; there can be no disagreement about it.\u201d The same authority adds: \u201cI have been informed that nowadays there are farms where animals are raised for the purpose of killing them and using their furs \u2026 However, as explained above, according to many authorities, even killing without tza\u2019ar baalei chaim is forbidden if there is no compelling human need (tzorech chiyuni). According to all views, it is clear that such acts are tainted by cruelty, which is foreign to the character traits of the children of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob \u2026 Therefore, one should refrain from wearing furs.\u201d Also note R. Chaim ibn Attar, <em>Ohr HaChaim<\/em> on Leviticus 17:13, citing <em>Mishneh Torah,<\/em> <em>Ma\u2019achalos Asuros <\/em>8:17, as well as his<em> Sefer Pri To\u2019ar<\/em>, sec. 117, which prohibit the trapping of non-kosher animals by Jews on the grounds of <em>tza\u2019ar baalei chaim<\/em>. However, R. HaLevy objects to complicity in such acts even when performed by others.\u00a0<sup>xxxiv<\/sup><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It is difficult to ascertain how many animals are killed for furs annually in the U.S. The Humane Society places the total number at approximately 30 million animals (www.hsus.org). According to the Fur Commission of the USA, approximately half the animals killed for their pelts are raised in confinement on \u201cfur farms,\u201d where eventually they are euthanised by carbon dioxide, pure carbon monoxide gas, or lethal injection. The American Veterinary Medical Association and the Geulph University Research Facility in Canada deem these methods to be humane (www.furcommission.com). However, because the industry is for the most part self-regulated, a significant percentage of cage-raised animals are not killed by these methods, but by carbon monoxide generated by engine exhaust, anal electrocution, genital or ear-to-foot electrocution, or by having their necks broken. Pressure from animal activists has led to the banning of the steel-jawed leghold trap in 89 European countries. In 1999, the U.S. House of Representatives banned the use of leghold traps and strangling snares on all National Wildlife Refuges. In 2001 H.R.1187 was introduced in the House of Representatives, which proposes to ban all uses of such traps in the U.S., as well as importing or exporting any article of fur obtained by such means. An alternative to these devices, the body grip or \u201cConibear\u201d trap, was developed decades ago as an instant-kill trap; however, some studies indicate that as many as 85% of its victims may languish in agony for substantial periods of time with broken backs and other mortal injuries; see H.C. Lunn, \u201cThe Conibear Trap: Recommendations for its Improvement,\u201d Canadian Federation of Humane Societies, 1973.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em>Berachos<\/em><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><em>Shabbos <\/em>151b;<em> Bava Metzia <\/em>85a;<em> Megilah <\/em>12b;<em> Yerushalmi Bava Kamma <\/em>8:7;<em> Zohar <\/em>Ill,<em> 92b; <\/em>also note<em> Likkutei\u00a0<\/em><em>Moharan <\/em>I. 119.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u05de\u05d0\u05ea \u05d4\u05e8\u05d1 \u05d3\u05d9\u05d5\u05d5\u05d9\u05d3 \u05e1\u05d9\u05e8\u05e1 &quot;\u05d8\u05d5\u05d1 \u05d4' \u05dc\u05db\u05dc \u05d5\u05d7\u05e1\u05d3\u05d9\u05d5 \u05e2\u05dc \u05db\u05dc \u05de\u05e2\u05e9\u05d9\u05d5&quot; (\u05ea\u05d4\u05d9\u05dc\u05d9\u05dd \u05e7\u05de&quot;\u05d4, \u05d8). \u05e4\u05e1\u05d5\u05e7 \u05d6\u05d4 \u05d4\u05d5\u05d0 \u05d0\u05d1\u05df \u05d4\u05d1\u05d5\u05d7\u05df \u05e9\u05dc \u05d4\u05d2\u05d9\u05e9\u05d4 \u05d4\u05e8\u05d1\u05e0\u05d9\u05ea \u05db\u05dc\u05e4\u05d9 \u05e8\u05d5\u05d5\u05d7\u05ea \u05d1\u05e2\u05dc\u05d9 \u05d7\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd, \u05d5\u05d4\u05d5\u05d0 \u05de\u05d5\u05e4\u05d9\u05e2 \u05d1\u05de\u05e1\u05e4\u05e8 \u05d4\u05e7\u05e9\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd \u05d1\u05e1\u05e4\u05e8\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05ea\u05d5\u05e8\u05e0\u05d9\u05ea. \u05d4\u05ea\u05d5\u05e8\u05d4 \u05d3\u05d5\u05d2\u05dc\u05ea \u05d1\u05d0\u05ea\u05d9\u05e7\u05d4 \u05e9\u05dc \u05d7\u05de\u05dc\u05d4 \u05db\u05dc\u05e4\u05d9 \u05db\u05dc \u05d4\u05d1\u05e8\u05d9\u05d0\u05d4, \u05d5\u05de\u05d0\u05e9\u05e8\u05ea \u05d0\u05ea \u05e7\u05d3\u05d5\u05e9\u05ea \u05d4\u05d7\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd. \u05e2\u05e8\u05db\u05d9\u05dd \u05d0\u05dc\u05d4 \u05de\u05e9\u05ea\u05e7\u05e4\u05d9\u05dd \u05d1\u05d7\u05d5\u05e7\u05d9\u05dd \u05d4\u05d0\u05d5\u05e1\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd \u05e2\u05dc \u05e6\u05e2\u05e8 \u05d1\u05e2\u05dc\u05d9 \u05d7\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd \u05d5\u05d1\u05d7\u05d5\u05d1\u05d5\u05ea \u05e2\u05dc&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":4413,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"_kadence_starter_templates_imported_post":false,"_kad_post_transparent":"","_kad_post_title":"","_kad_post_layout":"","_kad_post_sidebar_id":"","_kad_post_content_style":"","_kad_post_vertical_padding":"","_kad_post_feature":"","_kad_post_feature_position":"","_kad_post_header":false,"_kad_post_footer":false,"_kad_post_classname":"","footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-4706","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.jewishecoseminars.com\/hebrew\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/4706","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.jewishecoseminars.com\/hebrew\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.jewishecoseminars.com\/hebrew\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.jewishecoseminars.com\/hebrew\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/5"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.jewishecoseminars.com\/hebrew\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4706"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/www.jewishecoseminars.com\/hebrew\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/4706\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5065,"href":"https:\/\/www.jewishecoseminars.com\/hebrew\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/4706\/revisions\/5065"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.jewishecoseminars.com\/hebrew\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/4413"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.jewishecoseminars.com\/hebrew\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4706"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}